SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2020
Comparison of risk factor associations in UK Biobank against representative, general population based studies with conventional response rates: prospective cohort study and individual participant meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 403 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
403 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Metabolic Syndrome and Incidence of Parkinson Disease: A Community-Based Longitudinal Study and Meta-Analysis.Neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome, Healthy Lifestyles, and Risk of Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Phenomic profiles and disease patterns of 1.9 million participants from Our Future Health.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Mental Health Conditions and Incident Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study of 402,255 UK Biobank Participants.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Long-Term or Recurrent Antibiotic Use During Childhood or Adolescence and the Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Cohort Study.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Accelerometer-derived real-world sleep stages and risk of incident diseases: A UK Biobank cohort study and phenome-wide association analysis.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- The cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose index and its derived indices predict cardiometabolic multimorbidity development and progression in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease individuals: a prospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Associations of loneliness, social isolation and healthy lifestyle with life expectancy free of major physical disease and mental disorder.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Obesity, metabolic health status, and adverse outcomes in men and women.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Using Negative Control Outcomes to Detect Selection Bias in Mendelian Randomization Studies.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- The State of Motion: Demographic and Representational Consequences of Motion-Based Exclusion in FMRI.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Early-life exposure to sugar rationing and long-term risk of depression and anxiety: a population-based natural experiment.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Metabolic syndrome is associated with accelerated brain aging.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- The kidney failure risk equation in people with CKD and multimorbidity: the effect of competing mortality risks.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026Observational
- Exploring the associations between dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and markers of self-reported periodontal disease in the UK Biobank cohort.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Fair Workweek laws in the US: An appraisal of intended and unintended consequences.Science advances · 2026Article
- Quantifying and adjusting for selection biases in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study using population-wide individual-level registry information.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations between the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index and its derived indices and the incidence and progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in participants with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a large-scale prospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Associations of the atherogenic index of plasma and its modified indices with the incidence and progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: a prospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
343 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo compare established associations between risk factors and mortality in UK Biobank, a study with an exceptionally low rate of response to its baseline survey, against those from representative studies that have conventional response rates.
designProspective cohort study alongside individual participant meta-analysis of other cohort studies.
settingUnited Kingdom.
participantsAnalytical sample of 499 701 people (response rate 5.5%) in analyses in UK Biobank; pooled data from the Health Surveys for England (HSE) and the Scottish Health Surveys (SHS), including 18 studies and 89 895 people (mean response rate 68%). Both study populations were linked to the same nationwide mortality registries, and the baseline age range was aligned at 40-69 years.
main outcome measureDeath from cardiovascular disease, selected malignancies, and suicide. To quantify the difference between hazard ratios in the two studies, a ratio of the hazard ratios was used with HSE-SHS as the referent.
resultsRisk factor levels and mortality rates were typically more favourable in UK Biobank participants relative to the HSE-SHS consortium. For the associations between risk factors and mortality endpoints, however, close agreement was seen between studies. Based on 14 288 deaths during an average of 7.0 years of follow-up in UK Biobank and 7861 deaths over 10 years of mortality surveillance in HSE-SHS, for cardiovascular disease mortality, for instance, the age and sex adjusted hazard ratio for ever having smoked cigarettes (versus never) was 2.04 (95% confidence interval 1.87 to 2.24) in UK Biobank and 1.99 (1.78 to 2.23) in HSE-SHS, yielding a ratio of hazard ratios close to unity (1.02, 0.88 to 1.19). The overall pattern of agreement between studies was essentially unchanged when results were compared separately by sex and when baseline years and censoring dates were aligned.
conclusionDespite a very low response rate, risk factor associations in the UK Biobank seem to be generalisable.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.