ArticlePloS one2020
Human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose links feedings at 1 month to cognitive development at 24 months in infants of normal and overweight mothers.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Human Milk Bioactive Compounds and Psychomotor Outcomes in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review over the Effect of Early Infant Diet on Neurodevelopment: Insights from Neuroimaging.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical Studies on the Supplementation of Manufactured Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Fructooligosaccharides: From Breast Milk Components to Potential Supplements. A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Breast Milk Micronutrients and Infant Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- A human milk oligosaccharide alters the microbiome, circulating hormones, and metabolites in a randomized controlled trial of older adults.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Human milk microbiome as a modulator of the early-life gut-brain axis: mechanisms and translational opportunities for neurodevelopment.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Xenosialylation as immunological chimerism: a host-centered unifying model for viral and post-vaccination immune complications.European cytokine network · 2026Review
- Early-life microbiota disruption-induced deficits in the social brain are sensitive to diet.iScience · 2026Article
- New Insights into Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles in China: Findings from a Large-Scale Analysis of Human Milk.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Environmental and maternal imprints on infant gut metabolic development.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Efficacy of a Ready-to-Feed Starter Liquid Infant Formula Containing 2-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-Neotetraose in Chinese Infants: Protocol for a Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Human milk cortisol is inversely associated with infant BMI and mediates the association between maternal plasma and infant salivary cortisol concentrations.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Observational
- Environmental and Maternal Imprints on Infant Gut Metabolic Programming.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Modulating the developing gut microbiota with 2'-fucosyllactose and pooled human milk oligosaccharides.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Research Progress on the Degradation of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) by Bifidobacteria.Nutrients · 2025Review
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInfant cognitive development is influenced by maternal factors that range from obesity to early feeding and breast milk composition. Animal studies suggest a role for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), on learning and memory, yet no human studies have examined its impact on infant cognitive development relative to other HMOs and maternal factors.
objectiveTo determine the impact of 2'FL from breast milk feeding on infant cognitive development at 24 months of age relative to maternal obesity and breast milk feeding frequency. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Hispanic mother-infant pairs (N = 50) were recruited across the spectrum of pre-pregnancy BMI. Breast milk was collected at 1 and 6 months, and feedings/day were reported. Nineteen HMOs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, with initial interest in 2'FL. Infant cognitive development score was assessed with the Bayley-III Scale at 24 months. Linear regressions were used for prediction, and bootstrapping to determine mediation by 2'FL.
resultsMaternal pre-pregnancy BMI was not related to feedings/day or HMOs, but predicted poorer infant cognitive development (β = -0.31, P = 0.03). Feedings/day (β = 0.34) and 2'FL (β = 0.59) at 1 month predicted better infant cognitive development (both P≤ 0.01). The association of feedings/day with infant cognitive development was no longer significant after further adjustment for 2'FL (estimated mediation effect = 0.13, P = 0.04). There were no associations of feedings/day and 2'FL at 6 months with infant cognitive development.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that maternal factors influence infant cognitive development through multiple means. Though maternal obesity may be a separate negative influence, greater frequency of breast milk feeding at 1 month contributed to infant cognitive development through greater exposure to 2'FL relative to other HMOs. The influence of 2'FL was not significant at 6 months, indicating that early exposure to 2'FL may be a critical temporal window for positively influencing infant cognitive development.
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