ArticleDrug safety2020
Sex Differences in Adverse Drug Reactions of Metformin: A Longitudinal Survey Study.
Article in Drug safety, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects Across Nine Glucose-Lowering Drug Classes in Type 2 Diabetes: Extension of the LEGEND-T2DM Network Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Observational
- Sex differences in cardiovascular‑kidney‑metabolic syndrome: From pathogenesis to treatment response (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects Across Nine Glucose-Lowering Drug Classes in Type 2 Diabetes: Extension of the LEGEND-T2DM Network Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Safety profile of lanreotide: a retrospective post-marketing pharmacovigilance study based on the real-world data from FAERS database.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Metformin use in prediabetes: A review of evidence and a focus on metabolic features among peri-menopausal women.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- A real-world pharmacovigilance study of omalizumab using disproportionality analysis in the FDA adverse drug events reporting system database.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A real-world pharmacovigilance study of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) events for Definity.PloS one · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the skeletal muscle response to metformin treatment and the possible association with gut-muscle axis in rats.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Rethinking about Metformin: Promising Potentials.Korean journal of family medicine · 2024Article
- Exploring Novel Adverse Events of Nefecon.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- Gender scores in epidemiological research: methods, advantages and implications.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- Metformin Induces MeCP2 in the Hippocampus of Male Mice with Sex-Specific and Brain-Region-Dependent Molecular Impact.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- View on Metformin: Antidiabetic and Pleiotropic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Sex-Related Differences.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Assessment of Metformin Intolerance: A Retrospective Chart Review.Innovations in pharmacy · 2024Article
- Comprehensive analysis of adverse events associated with onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma) in spinal muscular atrophy patients: insights from FAERS database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Clinical adverse events to dexmedetomidine: a real-world drug safety study based on the FAERS database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Tailoring Type II Diabetes Treatment: Investigating the Effect of 5-HTT Polymorphisms on HbA1c Levels after Metformin Initiation.Journal of diabetes research · 2024Article
- Adverse drug events associated with linezolid administration: a real-world pharmacovigilance study from 2004 to 2023 using the FAERS database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Adverse Drug Reactions to Opioids: A Study in a National Pharmacovigilance Database.Drug safety · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIn general, women more often experience metformin-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than men.
objectivesWe aimed to assess whether sex differences in reported ADRs for metformin are observed at different times after initiation, and to explore their concurrence with sex differences in the dose of metformin over time. This may guide future studies in assessing the involved mechanisms of sex differences in metformin-associated ADRs and may guide sex-specific management of ADRs in clinical practice.
methodsThis study has a longitudinal design using data about patients initiating metformin collected by the Dutch National Pharmacovigilance Center Lareb through their Intensive Monitoring program. Patients were asked to complete a web-based questionnaire six times after initiation (i.e., at 2 weeks, 6 weeks and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months). The outcome variables were the proportion of patients reporting any ADR (primary) and the dose of metformin (secondary). Sex differences in the proportions of ADRs and in the dose were tested at each assessment using Pearson Chi-Squared tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, respectively. Using Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing, a p value < 0.01 was considered statistically significant.
resultsThe number of included patients was 1712 (40.9% women). Women reported an ADR more often than men, which was statistically significant at the assessment at 2 weeks (34% vs 25%, p < 0.001), and 6 weeks (37% vs 28%, p = 0.001) after initiation. In general, women were reported to be prescribed a lower dose than men, which became statistically significant at the 9-month assessment (p < 0.01).
conclusionsSex differences in reported ADRs were seen in the first weeks after metformin initiation, whereas statistically significant differences in self-reported prescribed dosing were observed after several months. Patients, in particular women, might benefit from being prescribed lower metformin doses at treatment initiation.
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