ArticleProtein & cell2020
Electric field-driven building blocks for introducing multiple gradients to hydrogels.
Article in Protein & cell, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in Engineering Human Tissue Models.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Pooled it
- Trainable Hydrogels: Mechanistic Principles, Training Strategies, and Frontier Applications.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Microengineered Gradient Hydrogels for Mechanobiology.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Innovative applications of multidimensional engineered hydrogels in wound healing.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Strategies to control cellular spatial organization in microphysiological systems.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Review
- Functionally Graded Surfaces and Materials: From Fabrication to Biomedical Applications.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Silk fibroin-based hydrogels for cartilage organoids in osteoarthritis treatment.Theranostics · 2025Review
- Hierarchy Reproduction: Multiphasic Strategies for Tendon/Ligament-Bone Junction Repair.Biomaterials research · 2025Review
- Engineered Protein Hydrogels as Biomimetic Cellular Scaffolds.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2024Review
- Mechanobiomaterials: Harnessing mechanobiology principles for tissue repair and regeneration.Mechanobiology in medicine · 2024Review
- Engineered 3D liver-tissue model with minispheroids formed by a bioprinting process supported withBioactive materials · 2024Article
- 3D printed osteochondral scaffolds: design strategies, present applications and future perspectives.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Simulation of Cortical and Cancellous Bone to Accelerate Tissue Regeneration.Advanced functional materials · 2023Article
- Bioinspired gradient scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2023Review
- Preparation and Characterization of Biomimetic Functional Scaffold with Gradient Structure for Osteochondral Defect Repair.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffolds: Challenges, current efforts and future perspectives.Bioactive materials · 2023Review
- Advanced silk materials for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Review
- From mesenchymal niches to engineeredMaterials today. Bio · 2022Article
- Anisotropic silk nanofiber layers as regulators of angiogenesis for optimized bone regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2022Article
- The role of mechanobiology in bone and cartilage model systems in characterizing initiation and progression of osteoarthritis.APL bioengineering · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gradient biomaterials are considered as preferable matrices for tissue engineering due to better simulation of native tissues. The introduction of gradient cues usually needs special equipment and complex process but is only effective to limited biomaterials. Incorporation of multiple gradients in the hydrogels remains challenges. Here, beta-sheet rich silk nanofibers (BSNF) were used as building blocks to introduce multiple gradients into different hydrogel systems through the joint action of crosslinking and electric field. The blocks migrated to the anode along the electric field and gradually stagnated due to the solution-hydrogel transition of the systems, finally achieving gradient distribution of the blocks in the formed hydrogels. The gradient distribution of the blocks could be tuned easily through changing different factors such as solution viscosity, which resulted in highly tunable gradient of mechanical cues. The blocks were also aligned under the electric field, endowing orientation gradient simultaneously. Different cargos could be loaded on the blocks and form gradient cues through the same crosslinking-electric field strategy. The building blocks could be introduced to various hydrogels such as Gelatin and NIPAM, indicating the universality. Complex niches with multiple gradient cues could be achieved through the strategy. Silk-based hydrogels with suitable mechanical gradients were fabricated to control the osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Chondrogenic-osteogenic gradient transition was obtained, which stimulated the ectopic osteochondral tissue regeneration in vivo. The versatility and highly controllability of the strategy as well as multifunction of the building blocks reveal the applicability in complex tissue engineering and various interfacial tissues.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.