ReviewNPJ microgravity2020
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: a review and an update.
Review in NPJ microgravity, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 161 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
161 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 316 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Physiological adaptation of the jugular venous pulse during long-duration spaceflight.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Confined spaces in space: Cerebral implications of chronic elevations of inspired carbon dioxide and implications for long-duration space travel.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Blood flow restriction: The acute effects of body tilting and reduced gravity analogues on limb occlusion pressure.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Women in space: A review of known physiological adaptations and health perspectives.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- A computational model of altered neuronal activity in altered gravity.NPJ microgravity · 2026Article
- Layer-specific choroidal vascular adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia revealed by functional OCT at 3,800 m.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Jumping in simulated lunar gravity with blood flow restriction as a potential exercise countermeasure: The acute physiological effects.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS): expert consensus on diagnosis and management.Eye (London, England) · 2026Review
- Automated behavioral segmentation and markerless pose tracking of mice during spaceflight.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Ophthalmic and Visual System Changes in Human Spaceflight: A Review of Mechanisms, Measurement, and Countermeasures.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- AstroOphthalmology: ocular anterior segment.NPJ microgravity · 2026Review
- Telemetric lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure monitoring for spaceflight: a novel approach to spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome research.NPJ microgravity · 2026Article
- A computational model for retinal haemodynamics under gravitational and postural variations.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Spaceflight stressors impact on mitochondrial function and the risk for development of ocular pathology.NPJ microgravity · 2026Review
- Longitudinal brain-age predictions comprising long-duration spaceflight missions.NPJ microgravity · 2026Article
- Ocular health in outer space and beyond gravity: A minireview.World journal of clinical cases · 2026Review
- Internal jugular venous flow responses to graded lower body negative pressure: a sex-stratified analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- AstroOphthalmology: Basic and Pathophysiological Concepts of Space-Induced Ocular Changes.Eye and brain · 2026Review
- Monitoring and modulating interconnected physiological systems in space using portable closed-loop technologies.Frontiers in network physiology · 2026Article
101 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prolonged microgravity exposure during long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) produces unusual physiologic and pathologic neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts. These microgravity associated findings collectively define the "Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome" (SANS). We compare and contrast prior published work on SANS by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Medicine Operations Division with retrospective and prospective studies from other research groups. In this manuscript, we update and review the clinical manifestations of SANS including: unilateral and bilateral optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal and retinal folds, hyperopic refractive error shifts, and focal areas of ischemic retina (i.e., cotton wool spots). We also discuss the knowledge gaps for in-flight and terrestrial human research including potential countermeasures for future study. We recommend that NASA and its research partners continue to study SANS in preparation for future longer duration manned space missions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.