Observational studyNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2020
Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: Recognition and diagnosis.
Observational study in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the epidemiology of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: disease burden and clinical decision-making.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- A predictive nomogram for relapse risk in children with autoimmune encephalitis.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): Current View into Etiopathogenesis and Clinical Features.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- How to Cure Autoimmune GN and Podocytopathies.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026Review
- Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in pediatric neurological autoimmune diseases: mechanisms, clinical applications, and future perspectives.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Pediatric Patients Diagnosed with Encephalitis: Single Center Experience.Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni · 2026Article
- Predictors for identifying autoimmune encephalitis in pediatric patients.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Early psychiatric manifestations in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: clinical data from a tertiary center.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Observational
- Autoimmune encephalitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Clinical Characterization and Long-Term Outcome in Children and Adults With Anti-AMPA Receptor Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Ten Years ofNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Pediatric case of Kelch-like protein 11 (KLHL11) encephalitis with long-term follow-up: pitfalls in diagnosis of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2025Article
- Pediatric Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammatory Diseases.Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2024Review
- In Children,Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Recent advances in autoimmune encephalitis.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Review
- Article
- Anti-GluK2 Encephalitis in an Asian Child: A Case Report and Literature Review.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2024Article
- Mimics of Autoimmune Encephalitis: Validation of the 2016 Clinical Autoimmune Encephalitis Criteria.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Brazilian autoimmune encephalitis network (BrAIN): antibody profile and clinical characteristics from a multicenter study.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aims of this study were (1) to describe the incidence of autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in children, (2) to validate the currently used clinical criteria to diagnose AIE, and (3) to describe pitfalls in the diagnosis of pediatric autoimmune (AI) and inflammatory neurologic disorders.
methodsThis study cohort consists of 3 patient categories: (1) children with antibody-mediated AIE (n = 21), (2) children with ADEM (n = 32), and (3) children with suspicion of an AI etiology of their neurologic symptoms (n = 60). Baseline and follow-up clinical data were used to validate the current guideline to diagnose AIE. In addition, patient files and final diagnoses were reviewed.
resultsOne-hundred three of the 113 included patients fulfilled the criteria of possible AIE. Twenty-one children had antibody-mediated AIE, of whom 19 had anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), 1 had anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, and 1 had anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 encephalitis. Finally, 34 children had ADEM, and 2 children had Hashimoto encephalopathy. Mean incidence rates were 1.54 children/million (95% CI 0.95-2.35) for antibody-mediated AIE and 2.49 children/million (95% CI 1.73-3.48) for ADEM. Of the other 48 children, treating physicians' diagnoses were reviewed. In 22% (n = 6) of children initially diagnosed as having an AI/inflammatory etiology (n = 27), no support for AI/inflammation was found.
conclusionBesides anti-NMDAR encephalitis and ADEM, other AIEs are rare in children. The current guideline to diagnose AIE is also useful in children. However, in children with nonspecific symptoms, it is important to review data critically, to perform complete workup, and to consult specialized neuroinflammatory centers.
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