ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
Processed Food Additive Microbial Transglutaminase and Its Cross-Linked Gliadin Complexes Are Potential Public Health Concerns in Celiac Disease.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria in the EU Food Chain: Applications, Benefits, and Risk Assessment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Genetically Modified Microorganisms: Risks and Regulatory Considerations for Human and Environmental Health.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Revised safety evaluation of the food enzyme protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase from the non-genetically modifiedEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- Safety evaluation of the food enzyme protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase from the genetically modifiedEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- Microbial transglutaminase in food biotechnology: from biochemical mechanisms to industrial applications.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Celiac disease and metabolic syndrome: from risk to a preventive opportunity, in the perspective of children's health.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Structuring the Future of Cultured Meat: Hybrid Gel-Based Scaffolds for Edibility and Functionality.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Immune Reactivity to Raw and Processed Foods and Their Possible Contributions to Autoimmunity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Microbial Transglutaminase-The Food Additive, a Potential Inducing Factor in Primary Biliary Cholangitis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Safety evaluation of the food enzyme protein-glutamineEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- The Potential Harmful Effects of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) on the Intestinal Microbiome and Public Health.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Cross-reactivity and sequence similarity between microbial transglutaminase and human tissue antigens.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry.Open life sciences · 2023Review
- Diet and Disease Activity in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: SpondyloArthritis and NUTrition Study (SANUT).Nutrients · 2022Article
- Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Vascular Impediment as Consequences of Excess Processed Food Consumption.Cureus · 2022Review
- Review
- Review
- Lupin Protein Isolate Structure Diversity in Frozen-Cast Foams: Effects of Transglutaminases and Edible Fats.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The temperature and pH repertoire of the transglutaminase family is expanding.FEBS open bio · 2020Article
- Characterisation of a novel cold-adapted calcium-activated transglutaminase: implications for medicine and food processing.FEBS open bio · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is a survival factor for microbes, but yeasts, fungi, and plants also produce transglutaminase. mTG is a cross-linker that is heavily consumed as a protein glue in multiple processed food industries. According to the manufacturers' claims, microbial transglutaminase and its cross-linked products are safe, i.e., nonallergenic, nonimmunogenic, and nonpathogenic. The regulatory authorities declare it as "generally recognized as safe" for public users. However, scientific observations are accumulating concerning its undesirable effects on human health. Functionally, mTG imitates its family member, tissue transglutaminase, which is the autoantigen of celiac disease. Both these transglutaminases mediate cross-linked complexes, which are immunogenic in celiac patients. The enzyme enhances intestinal permeability, suppresses mechanical (mucus) and immunological (anti phagocytic) enteric protective barriers, stimulates luminal bacterial growth, and augments the uptake of gliadin peptide. mTG and gliadin molecules are cotranscytosed through the enterocytes and deposited subepithelially. Moreover, mucosal dendritic cell surface transglutaminase induces gliadin endocytosis, and the enzyme-treated wheat products are immunoreactive in CD patients. The present review summarizes and updates the potentially detrimental effects of mTG, aiming to stimulate scientific and regulatory debates on its safety, to protect the public from the enzyme's unwanted effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.