Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32042920›Full record

ArticleNeurology. Genetics2020

Ahmet Yaramis, Hanns Lochmüller, Ana Töpf, Ece Sonmezler, Elmasnur Yilmaz, Semra Hiz, Uluc Yis, Serdal Gungor, Ayse Ipek Polat, Pinar Edem and 5 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurology. Genetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 21% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. International journal of medical sciences · 2024
    Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Elevated TGFβ signaling contributes to ocular anterior segment dysgenesis in Col4a1 mutant mice.Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology · 2022
    Article
  6. RecessiveNeurology. Genetics · 2021
    Article
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Ahmet YaramisPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Hanns LochmüllerPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Ana TöpfPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Ece SonmezlerPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Elmasnur YilmazPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Semra HizPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Uluc YisPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Serdal GungorPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Ayse Ipek PolatPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Pinar EdemPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Sergi BeltranPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Steven LauriePediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Aysenur YaramisPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Rita HorvathPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Yavuz OktayPediatric Neurology Clinic (A.Y.), Private Office, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (H.L.), University of Ottawa, Canada; Division of Neurology (H.L.), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (A.T.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK; Dokuz Eylul University (S.H., E.S., E.Y., Y.O.), Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.H., U.Y., A.I.P., P.E.), Department of Paediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (S.G.), Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; CNAG-CRG (S.L., H.L., S.B.), Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (S.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Koc University (A.Y.), School of Medicine, Medical Student, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (Y.O.), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Turkey; and Faculty of Medicine (Y.O.), Department of Medical Biology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario · CA

Funding

Joint Center for Mendelian GenomicsUM1HG008900 · NHGRI · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI O'DONNELL-LURIA, ANNE, REHM, HEIDI L · 2016 to 2020
$16.5M
Medical Research Council MR/N025431/1NHGRI NIH HHS UM1 HG008900
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study presents the neurologic phenotypes of 2 brothers with a novel homozygous

methodsWhole-exome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of consanguineous families with children affected by early-onset, neurogenetic disorders was performed using the RD-Connect Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform. We also performed clinical, EEG, and neuroimaging analyses in unaffected siblings and parents.

resultsWe have identified a homozygous missense mutation in

conclusions

Identifiers

PMID32042920
PMCPMC6975172
OpenAlexW2999634369

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.