ReviewTobacco control2021
Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid's flavour category.
Review in Tobacco control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Flavor-Toxicant Correlation in E-cigarettes: A Meta-Analysis.Chemical research in toxicology · 2020Pooled it
- Oxidative Stress as a Potential Mechanistic Bridge Between Electronic Cigarette Components and Chronic Disease: A Combined Narrative and Bibliometric Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Acute effects of electronic nicotine delivery system liquid nicotine form and sweet enhancer among people who use inhaled tobacco products.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Vanilla and Vanillin as Probable Causes of Hypersensitivity Reactions and Vaping Cytotoxicity.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Mapping the flavoring landscape: a comparative analysis of tobacco and related products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Water addition to e-liquids to reduce flavour aldehyde acetal formation: chemistry and user sensory experience and appeal.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Toxicity, Chemistry, and Public Health Relevance of Emerging Nicotine Analog Vapes, Pods, and Pouches.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Review
- Toxicological Evaluation of Vanillin Flavor in E-Liquid Aerosols on Endothelial Cell Function: Findings from the Replica Project.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Article
- Toxicity and Appeal of Flavoured E-Cigarettes and Flavour Ban Outcomes: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- Flavoring Compound Chemical Class and Vaping Conditions Determine Toxic Carbonyl Emissions from E-Cigarettes.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Device color influences e-cigarette flavor expectations, perception, and appeal.Chemical senses · 2026Article
- Evaluation of molecular interactions of vaping juice components with ACE2 receptor.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The association between e-cigarette use and sleep health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Review
- Regulation of immune checkpoints by electronic cigarette.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic and oxidative effects of commercially available propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG): Common humectants in electronic cigarettes.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- In vitro toxicological assessment using NCI-H292 cells of the relationship between cytotoxic effects and chemical composition in flavored e-liquids.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Chemical Analysis and Flavor Distribution of Electronic Cigarettes in Australian Schools.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Stability of Flavoring Chemicals in e-Cigarette Liquids: A Naturalistic Product Aging Study over 24 months.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Immunological Effects of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Review of Current Evidence.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- E-Cigarette effects on oral health: A molecular perspective.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesFlavours increase e-cigarette attractiveness and use and thereby exposure to potentially toxic ingredients. An overview of e-liquid ingredients is needed to select target ingredients for chemical analytical and toxicological research and for regulatory approaches aimed at reducing e-cigarette attractiveness. Using information from e-cigarette manufacturers, we aim to identify the flavouring ingredients most frequently added to e-liquids on the Dutch market. Additionally, we used flavouring compositions to automatically classify e-liquids into flavour categories, thereby generating an overview that can facilitate market surveillance.
methodsWe used a dataset containing 16 839 e-liquids that were manually classified into 16 flavour categories in our previous study. For the overall set and each flavour category, we identified flavourings present in more than 10% of the products and their median quantities. Next, quantitative and qualitative ingredient information was used to predict e-liquid flavour categories using a random forest algorithm.
resultsWe identified 219 unique ingredients that were added to more than 100 e-liquids, of which 213 were flavourings. The mean number of flavourings per e-liquid was 10±15. The most frequently used flavourings were vanillin (present in 35% of all liquids), ethyl maltol (32%) and ethyl butyrate (28%). In addition, we identified 29 category-specific flavourings. Moreover, e-liquids' flavour categories were predicted with an overall accuracy of 70%.
conclusionsInformation from manufacturers can be used to identify frequently used and category-specific flavourings. Qualitative and quantitative ingredient information can be used to successfully predict an e-liquid's flavour category, serving as an example for regulators that have similar datasets available.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.