ArticleJournal of abnormal child psychology2020
Gendered Pathways of Internalizing Problems from Early Childhood to Adolescence and Associated Adolescent Outcomes.
Article in Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Childhood internalising symptoms at ages 3 and 6: a meta-analysis of epigenome-wide associations from cord and peripheral blood.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Pooled it
- Internalizing and externalizing symptoms in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring intergenerational links and genetic correlates of metacognitive beliefs: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Sex Differences in the Global Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- The Nonlinear Interaction Effects of Negative Emotions and Self-Control on Developmental Trajectories of Early Adolescents' Internalizing Problems.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2026Article
- The Vicious Cycle Between Parental Psychological Control and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Early Adolescents: Highlighting the Mediating Role of Positivity and Sex Differences.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Kids These Days! A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Changes in Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Population-Based Samples Over the Past Decades.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2026Review
- No association of childhood maltreatment experiences and attention to facial emotions in men.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Early-life factors associated with developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing symptoms from early childhood through adolescence: Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Age trends of internalizing and externalizing problems in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a multicenter study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Gender differences in the association between anxiety and behavioral problems in 31,400 Chinese children: a cross-sectional regression and network analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Fear of Progression in Pediatric Cancer Patients and Their Parents: Trajectories, Prevalence, and Correlates Across Acute Treatment and Follow-Up Care.Psycho-oncology · 2026Article
- Reciprocal Within-Person Dynamics Between Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms, Physical Activity, and Loneliness Among Chinese Adolescent Gamers: Three-Wave Prospective Cohort Study.JMIR serious games · 2026Article
- Parental psychological control and depression from late childhood to early adolescence: a four-wave longitudinal study of emotional resilience and gender differences.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Cultivating Strengths: Extracurricular Activity Participation in Relation to Psychological Wellbeing and Social Functioning in Adolescents with and without ADHD.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Exploring Trajectories of Anxiety Symptoms in Autistic and Non-Autistic Youth over Adolescence Using Parent- and Self-Report Measures.Research in autism · 2026Article
- Internalising problems and engagement among preschool children: trajectories of several functional outcomes in a Swedish longitudinal study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Longitudinal Relationship Between Dark Triad Traits and Moral Disengagement in Adolescents: A Cross-Lagged Panel Network Analysis.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Family Factors Associated with Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms: Longitudinal Findings from the ABCD Study.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Academic expectations stress, its associations with symptoms of depression and anxiety, and preliminary exploration of suicidality: results from a National Youth Mental Health Survey in Singapore.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite trends indicating worsening internalizing problems, characterized by anxiety and depression, there is dearth of research examining gender differences in developmental trajectories of internalizing problems from early childhood to adolescence. Drawing on the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 17,206, 49% female), this study examines trajectories of parent-reported, clinically-meaningful (reflecting the top 10%) internalizing problems from ages 3 to 14 years and their early predictors and adolescent outcomes. Group-based modelling revealed three trajectories when examining boys and girls together, but there were significant gender differences. When examining boys and girls separately, four trajectories were identified including two relatively stable trajectories showing either high or low probabilities of internalizing problems. An increasing trajectory was also found for both boys and girls, showing an increasing probability of internalizing problems which continued to rise for girls, but levelled off for boys from age 11. A decreasing trajectory was revealed for boys, while a moderate but stable trajectory was identified for girls. Boys and girls in the increasing and high probability groups were more likely to report a number of problematic outcomes including high BMI, self-harm, low mental wellbeing, depressive symptoms, and low educational motivation than the low group. Girls on the increasing trajectory also reported more cigarette and cannabis use and early sexual activity at age 14 compared to girls on the low trajectory. Findings suggest that intervention strategies take a systemic view, targeting not only internal feelings, but also behaviours potentially associated with later negative outcomes.
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