Trial reportThe journal of physiological sciences : JPS2020
Increase in diastolic blood pressure induced by fragrance inhalation of grapefruit essential oil is positively correlated with muscle sympathetic nerve activity.
Trial report in The journal of physiological sciences : JPS, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aroma of Genius Essential Oil Blend Significantly Enhances Cognitive Performance and Brain Metabolism in Healthy Adults.Human psychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Biological effects of a tested commercial fragrance formulation in rats: oxidative and molecular alterations and the protective role of vitamin E.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The Role of Essential Oils in Sports Recovery and Performance.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effects of inhalingFrontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association analysis of hypertension and epigenetic aging reveals shared genetic architecture and identifies novel risk loci.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Multiplicative Effects of Essential Oils and Other Active Components on Skin Tissue and Skin Cancers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- The Effects of Essential Oils on the Nervous System: A Scoping Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Physiological and Behavioral Benefits for People and Horses during Guided Interactions at an Assisted Living Residence.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Therapeutic Effect and Mechanisms of Essential Oils in Mood Disorders: Interaction between the Nervous and Respiratory Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 modulates pacemaker ion channels differentiation in P19-derived pluripotent cells.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fragrance inhalation of essential oils is widely used in aromatherapy, and it is known to affect blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) via autonomic control of circulation. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the changes in hemodynamics with fragrance inhalation were observed along with changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). In study 1, thirteen healthy men were exposed to fragrance stimulation of grapefruit essential oil for 10 min, and BP, HR, and MSNA were continuously measured. In study 2, another nine healthy men were exposed to the same fragrance stimulation; responses in BP and HR were continuously measured, and plasma noradrenaline and cortisol concentrations were determined. We found that diastolic BP increased significantly during fragrance inhalation, while the other variables remained unchanged in both studies. Although MSNA burst frequency, burst incidence, and total activity remained unchanged during fragrance inhalation, we found a significant linear correlation between changes in diastolic BP in the last 5 min of fragrance inhalation and changes in MSNA burst frequency. The plasma cortisol concentration decreased significantly at 10 min of fragrance inhalation, though the noradrenaline concentration remained unchanged. These results suggest, for the first time, that changes in BP with fragrance inhalation of essential oil are associated with changes in MSNA even with decreased stress hormone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.