ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2020
Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Levobupivacaine.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation for prolonged infusion of levobupivacaine with or without epinephrine in transversus abdominis plane and erector spinae plane blocks: a randomised controlled trial and analysis of pooled data.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Pooled it
- Differences in sensory nerve block between levobupivacaine and bupivacaine at low concentrations in humans and animals.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Comparison of plasma levobupivacaine concentrations with and without epinephrine following erector spinae plane block for breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial.BMC anesthesiology · 2022Trial
- Role of Cytokines in Wound Healing Following Wound Catheter Analgesia in Rats.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Effect of Ropivacain and Bupivacain on Calcium-Related and G-Protein Coupled Processes in PMNs: A Human In-Vitro Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Enantiomeric Excess Bupivacaine in a Lavender Oil NLC Tested in a Melanoma Model: Prolonged Release and Anticancer Effect.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Regional Anesthesia With Levobupivacaine in a Patient With a RyR2 Gene Mutation After Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Incidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity in patients receiving bupivacaine infiltration analgesia for total joint arthroplasty under general anesthesia: a retrospective single-center study.BMC anesthesiology · 2024Observational
- The preventive efficacy of lipid emulsion on the occurrence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity in patients receiving local infiltration analgesia for total joint arthroplasty.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2024Article
- Comparison of four different protocols using levobupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in red-footed tortoises (Open veterinary journal · 2024Article
- Disposition of levobupivacaine during intraoperative continuous caudal epidural analgesia in a preterm neonate.Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia · 2024Article
- The potencies and neurotoxicity of intrathecal levobupivacaine in a rat spinal model: Effects of concentration.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2023Article
- Repurposed Drugs in Gastric Cancer.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Intensity-adjustable pain management with prolonged duration based on phase-transitional nanoparticles-assisted ultrasound imaging-guided nerve blockade.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Article
- The Options for Neuraxial Drug Administration.CNS drugs · 2022Review
- Cardiopulmonary Effects and Pharmacokinetics of Dexmedetomidine Used as an Adjunctive Analgesic to Regional Anesthesia of the Oral Cavity with Levobupivacaine in Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Chiral Switch: Between Therapeutical Benefit and Marketing Strategy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Moderate-Intensity Ultrasound-Triggered On-Demand Analgesia Nanoplatforms for Postoperative Pain Management.International journal of nanomedicine · 2022Article
- Potential Impact of Local Anesthetics Inducing Granulocyte Arrest and Altering Immune Functions on Perioperative Outcome.Journal of inflammation research · 2021Article
- Comparative Study of Postoperative Analgesic Effects of Intraoperative Levobupivacaine Local Infiltration Anesthesia and Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Following Gynecologic Laparoscopy.Gynecology and minimally invasive therapyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Levobupivacaine is a long-acting amide local anaesthetic used in analgesia and anaesthesia. Like other local anaesthetic drugs, levobupivacaine exhibits effects on motor and sensory nerves by inhibiting the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, and hence propagation of neuronal action potentials. Levobupivacaine is the S(-) stereoisomer of dextrobupivacaine, although both are used commercially in the racemic form bupivacaine. A favourable safety and drug effect profile for levobupivacaine has led to widespread use. Levobupivacaine is generally well tolerated but dose adjustment is important in populations such as paediatrics and the elderly. The pharmacokinetic properties of levobupivacaine are similar to that of bupivacaine; both extensively metabolised in the liver, and excreted in the urine and faeces. In vitro, animal model and human studies confirm a lower risk of cardiac and central nervous system toxicity with levobupivacaine compared with bupivacaine. Clinical trials of relative potency are impaired by the variability in chosen endpoints for sensory and motor function blockade, but clinically significant differences in potency are minor, with most clinical trials showing similar duration and quality of anaesthesia between levo- and racemic bupivacaine. In practice, levobupivacaine is most commonly used in regional anaesthesia, neuraxial anaesthesia and local infiltration analgesia. This review includes an appraisal of evidence from clinical trials of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of levobupivacaine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.