ArticlePharmaceutical research2020
Effect of Controlled Heat Application on Topical Diclofenac Formulations Evaluated by In Vitro Permeation Tests (IVPT) Using Porcine and Human Skin.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Flux Matters: IVIVC-Based Prediction of Occlusion Effects on Transdermal Oxybutynin.The AAPS journal · 2026Article
- Alternatives to Conventional Topical Dosage Forms for Targeted Skin Penetration of Diclofenac Sodium.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation of Buprenorphine Transdermal Systems Under Normal and Elevated Skin Temperature.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Article
- Optimization and Evaluation of the In Vitro Permeation Parameters of Topical Products with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs through Strat-MPharmaceutics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeHeat therapy is widely used for pain relief and may unintentionally be used in conjunction with pain relieving topical formulations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of heat on the permeation of diclofenac through porcine and human skin, comparing four marketed products.
methodsIn vitro permeation tests (IVPT) were performed on porcine skin from a single miniature pig and human skin from three donors. Skin temperature was maintained at either 32 ± 1°C or 42 ± 1°C to mimic normal and elevated skin temperature conditions, respectively.
resultsIVPT studies on porcine and human skin were able to demonstrate heat-induced enhancement in flux and cumulative amount of drug permeated from the four diclofenac products. The pivotal data showed the most significant heat-induced enhancement for the solution, followed by the patch and two gels in decreasing order of significance based on p values. Diclofenac solution showed the highest flux and cumulative amount permeated at both baseline and elevated skin temperature compared to the patch and gels.
conclusionsThe studies demonstrated that exposure to heat can alter drug permeation from topical formulations, but the increased levels are not expected to lead to systemic concentrations that are of concern. Formulation design and excipients can influence drug permeation at elevated skin temperature.
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Registered trials
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