ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2020
Umbilical Cord Abnormalities and Stillbirth.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05901688 (Umbilical Cord Abnormalities in the Prediction of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes), which is not on this map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Umbilical Cord Abnormalities in the Prediction of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Umbilical cord characteristics and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Ultrasound Detection of Nuchal Cord Tension in a Simulated Nuchal Umbilical Cord Model.Cureus · 2026Article
- An Update on Umbilical Cord Abnormalities and Associated Thrombosis: A Systematic Review.Clinics and practice · 2026Review
- Prevention of stillbirths associated with umbilical cord abnormalities: A clinico-pathological overview.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Review
- Maternal circulating sFlt-1/placental growth factor is a biomarker of fetal death associated with placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion.Journal of perinatal medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical analysis of umbilical cord torsion-related prenatal stillbirth.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Stillbirth in Iceland 1996-2021: Incidence and etiology.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- The Pathophysiology of Wharton's Jelly and Its Impact on Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Comprehensive Literature Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Case Report of a Postmortem Intrauterine Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging That Identified an Umbilical Cord Factor as the Cause of Fetal Death.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2025Article
- Trends in the causes of stillbirths over 20 years in Southern Japan.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Clinical analysis of 126 cases of stillbirth in high-altitude areas.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Enteral plasma feeding improves gut function and immunity in piglets after birth asphyxia.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Identifying causes and associated factors of stillbirths using autopsy of the fetus and placenta.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Observational
- The invisible killer: fetal vascular malperfusion in stillbirths without macroscopic cord abnormalities.Pathologica · 2025Article
- Fetal Autopsy in Stillbirth: Its Acceptance and Role in Determining the Causes and Risk Factors in North India.Cureus · 2025Article
- Umbilical Vessel Rupture Leading to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Two Cases.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Clinical analysis of 18 cases of intraumbilical vascular thrombosis.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Article
- A Pilot Study of Ultrasound Assessment of Umbilical Cord and Placental Vascular Flow for Cord Accident Stillbirth Prevention.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2024Article
- cGAS Deficiency Regulates the Phenotypic Polarization and Glycolysis of Microglia Through Lactylation in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Cell Model.Biochemical genetics · 2024Article
- A sustained decrease in the systolic/diastolic ratio may be a sign of severe adverse events in the umbilical cord: a report of eight cases.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveUmbilical cord abnormalities are commonly cited as a cause of stillbirth, but details regarding these stillbirths are rare. Our objective was to characterize stillbirths associated with umbilical cord abnormalities using rigorous criteria and to examine associated risk factors.
methodsThe Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network conducted a case-control study of stillbirth and live births from 2006 to 2008. We analyzed stillbirths that underwent complete fetal and placental evaluations and cause of death analysis using the INCODE (Initial Causes of Fetal Death) classification system. Umbilical cord abnormality was defined as cord entrapment (defined as nuchal, body, shoulder cord accompanied by evidence of cord occlusion on pathologic examination); knots, torsions, or strictures with thrombi, or other obstruction by pathologic examination; cord prolapse; vasa previa; and compromised fetal microcirculation, which is defined as a histopathologic finding that represents objective evidence of vascular obstruction and can be used to indirectly confirm umbilical cord abnormalities when suspected as a cause for stillbirth. We compared demographic and clinical factors between women with stillbirths associated with umbilical cord abnormalities and those associated with other causes, as well as with live births. Secondarily, we analyzed the subset of pregnancies with a low umbilical cord index.
resultsOf 496 stillbirths with complete cause of death analysis by INCODE, 94 (19%, 95% CI 16-23%) were associated with umbilical cord abnormality. Forty-five (48%) had compromised fetal microcirculation, 27 (29%) had cord entrapment, 26 (27%) knots, torsions, or stricture, and five (5%) had cord prolapse. No cases of vasa previa occurred. With few exceptions, maternal characteristics were similar between umbilical cord abnormality stillbirths and non-umbilical cord abnormality stillbirths and between umbilical cord abnormality stillbirths and live births, including among a subanalysis of those with hypo-coiled umbilical cords.
conclusionUmbilical cord abnormalities are an important risk factor for stillbirth, accounting for 19% of cases, even when using rigorous criteria. Few specific maternal and clinical characteristics were associated with risk.
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