ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2020
Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings-Personal Protective and Environmental Measures.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 114 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Wide Scale Monitoring for Acute Respiratory Infection Using a Mobile-Based Study Platform
Leveraging Community Health Workers to Improve COVID-19 Testing and Mitigation Among Criminal Justice-involved Individuals Accessing a Corrections-focused Community-based Organization
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of Face Mask for Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infection during Hajj: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Physio-metabolic and clinical consequences of wearing face masks-Systematic review with meta-analysis and comprehensive evaluation.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Collateral Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on Respiratory Virus Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020-2021.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and practice of facemask use in general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of hand hygiene promotion programs during epidemics and pandemics of respiratory droplet-transmissible infections on health outcomes: a rapid systematic review.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Masks for prevention of viral respiratory infections among health care workers and the public: PEER umbrella systematic review.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Surgical Face Masks in Reducing Acute Respiratory Infections in Non-Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Travel medicine and infectious diseasePooled it
- Trial
- Carbon dioxide rises beyond acceptable safety levels in children under nose and mouth covering: Results of an experimental measurement study in healthy children.Environmental research · 2022Trial
- Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers : A Randomized Controlled Trial.Annals of internal medicine · 2021Trial
- Effects of surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2020Trial
- The Road to Readiness: Commentary on the Journey of a Zoonotic H5 Influenza Vaccine Strain Update.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors of SARS- CoV-2 seropositivity in rural tribal population of Tripura: A population based cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Evaluating community engagement strategies in COVID-19: insights from a National Quasi-Experimental Intervention.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A pilot study of coughing into the shirt to disrupt respiratory pathogen transmission.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Changes in social contact patterns in Germany during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic - an analysis based on the COVIMOD study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There were 3 influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and there has been 1 so far in the 21st century. Local, national, and international health authorities regularly update their plans for mitigating the next influenza pandemic in light of the latest available evidence on the effectiveness of various control measures in reducing transmission. Here, we review the evidence base on the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical personal protective measures and environmental hygiene measures in nonhealthcare settings and discuss their potential inclusion in pandemic plans. Although mechanistic studies support the potential effect of hand hygiene or face masks, evidence from 14 randomized controlled trials of these measures did not support a substantial effect on transmission of laboratory-confirmed influenza. We similarly found limited evidence on the effectiveness of improved hygiene and environmental cleaning. We identified several major knowledge gaps requiring further research, most fundamentally an improved characterization of the modes of person-to-person transmission.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.