SynthesisPsychological bulletin2020
Promoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation.
Synthesis in Psychological bulletin, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 113 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Emergence of Abstract Structure Knowledge Across Learning and Sleep
Learning Novel Structure Across Time and Sleep
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Photobiomodulation and sleep quality: systematic review and meta-analysis.Lasers in medical science · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effects of wakeful rest on memory consolidation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Pooled it
- Memory retention following acoustic stimulation in slow-wave sleep: a meta-analytic review of replicability and measurement quality.Frontiers in sleep · 2023Pooled it
- The effect of sleep on novel word learning in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2021Pooled it
- Post-encoding administration of oxytocin selectively enhances memory consolidation of male faces in females.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Trial
- The effect of zolpidem on targeted memory reactivation during sleep.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2021Trial
- Sleep reactivation did not boost suppression-induced forgetting.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Human brain-wide activation of sleep rhythms.eLife · 2026Article
- Concurrent Presentation of Memory-Related Odours and Sounds Nullified Sleep Reactivation Benefits.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Odor-Cued Targeted Reactivation Was Unable to Selectively Benefit Declarative Memories During Sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Random auditory stimulation during sleep disturbs traveling slow waves and declarative memory.iScience · 2026Article
- Reactivation during sleep segregates the neural representations of episodic memories.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Memory reactivation during sleep promotes structure abstraction.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Creative problem-solving after experimentally provoking dreams of unsolved puzzles during REM sleep.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2026Article
- The effects of targeted reactivation on memories cued once or multiple times during a nap.Neuropsychologia · 2025Article
- Promoting vocabulary learning during sleep at home using closed-loop targeted memory reactivation.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- The cognitive neuroscience of memory representations.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Manipulating memory processing during sleep to explore the critical duration of reactivation events.Neuropsychologia · 2025Article
- Investigating dreams by strategically presenting sounds during REM sleep to reactivate waking experiences.Neuropsychologia · 2025Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is a methodology employed to manipulate memory processing during sleep. TMR studies have great potential to advance understanding of sleep-based memory consolidation and corresponding neural mechanisms. Research making use of TMR has developed rapidly, with over 70 articles published in the last decade, yet no quantitative analysis exists to evaluate the overall effects. Here we present the first meta-analysis of sleep TMR, compiled from 91 experiments with 212 effect sizes (N = 2,004). Based on multilevel modeling, overall sleep TMR was highly effective (Hedges' g = 0.29, 95% CI [0.21, 0.38]), with a significant effect for two stages of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (Stage NREM 2: Hedges' g = 0.32, 95% CI [0.04, 0.60]; and slow-wave sleep: Hedges' g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.20, 0.35]). In contrast, TMR was not effective during REM sleep nor during wakefulness in the present analyses. Several analysis strategies were used to address the potential relevance of publication bias. Additional analyses showed that TMR improved memory across multiple domains, including declarative memory and skill acquisition. Given that TMR can reinforce many types of memory, it could be useful for various educational and clinical applications. Overall, the present meta-analysis provides substantial support for the notion that TMR can influence memory storage during NREM sleep, and that this method can be useful for understanding neurocognitive mechanisms of memory consolidation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.