ReviewAdvances in experimental medicine and biology2021
Interleukin-36: Structure, Signaling and Function.
Review in Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- IL-36-Driven Inflammation in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Immunological Insights from Plaque Psoriasis and Implications for Targeted Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Enhanced Innate Immunity Mediated by IL-36α in Atopic Dermatitis and Differences in Cytokine Profiles of Lymphocytes in the Skin and Draining Lymph Nodes.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Increased IL- 36γ in visceral adipose tissue as a key mediator of obesity-driven inflammation in colon cancer.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Changes in the Protein Composition of the Aqueous Humor in Patients with Glaucoma: An Update Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Discovery of selective low molecular weight interleukin-36 receptor antagonists by encoded library technologies.Nature communications · 2025Article
- IL-36RN gene: key insights into its role in pediatric pustular psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Fibrostenosing Crohn's Disease: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Horizons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Unveiling cytokine charge disparity as a potential mechanism for immune regulation.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2024Review
- Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- A Narrative Review of Cytokine Networks: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Inflammation and Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- IL-36γ Augments Ocular Angiogenesis by Promoting the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Axis.The American journal of pathology · 2023Article
- Correlations between IL-36 family cytokines in peripheral blood and subjective and objective assessment results in patients with allergic rhinitis.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Article
- Particulate matter impairs immune system function by up-regulating inflammatory pathways and decreasing pathogen response gene expression.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- New insights on IL‑36 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Review
- New Insight into the Molecular Pathomechanism and Immunomodulatory Treatments of Hidradenitis Suppurativa.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Targeting IL-36 in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Article
- Dermatologic Manifestations of Noninflammasome-Mediated Autoinflammatory Diseases.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The IL-36 family belongs to a larger IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists (IL-36α/β/γ), one antagonist (IL-36Ra), one cognate receptor (IL-36R) and one accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). The receptor activation follows a two-step mechanism in that the agonist first binds to IL-36R and the resulting binary complex recruits IL-1RAcP. Assembled ternary complex brings together intracellular TIR domains of receptors which activate downstream NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Antagonist IL-36Ra inhibits the signaling by binding to IL-36R and preventing recruitment of IL-1RAcP. Members of IL-36 are normally expressed at low levels. Upon stimulation, they are inducted and act on a variety of cells including epithelial and immune cells. Protease mediated N-terminal processing is needed for cytokine activation. In the skin, the functional role of IL-36 is to contribute to host defense through inflammatory response. However, when dysregulated, IL-36 stimulates keratinocyte and immune cells to enhance the Th17/Th23 axis and induces psoriatic-like skin disorder. Genetic mutations of the antagonist IL-36Ra are associated with occurrence of generalized pustular psoriasis, a rare but life-threatening skin disease. Anti-IL-36 antibodies attenuate IMQ or IL-23 induced skin inflammation in mice, illustrating IL-36's involvement in mouse model of psoriasis. Other organs such as the lungs, the intestine, the joints and the brain also express IL-36 family members upon stimulation. The physiological and pathological roles of IL-36 are less well defined in these organs than in the skin. In this chapter, current progress on IL-36 protein and biology is reviewed with a discussion on investigative tools for this novel target.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.