ArticleScience translational medicine2020
Immune system development varies according to age, location, and anemia in African children.
Article in Science translational medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in catalase levels between malaria-infected individuals and uninfected controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and early life lower respiratory tract infections in a low-income urban minority birth cohort.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Protective near-germline antibodies to malaria elicited by RTS,S/AS01bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Total Immunoglobulin G Variation Through the Phenological Cycle of Migrant and Resident Lesser Long-Nosed Bats (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) in the Drylands of Mexico and Its Relationship With Bacterial Killing-Ability of Plasma.Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology · 2026Article
- The Gut-Iron-Immune Axis in Severe Anaemia and Bacteraemia.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Integrative multi-omic analyses identify major axes of heterogeneity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and uncover their molecular contributors.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Genetic and non-genetic factors distinctly shape the variation of the immune response in cattle.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Iron and the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Age is an intrinsic driver of inflammatory responses to malaria.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Epidemiological changes ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Tuberculous Meningitis Across the Lifespan.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Body Composition at Diagnosis and Early Response in Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Systems Human Immunology and AI: Immune Setpoint and Immune Health.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
- The role of the gut microbiota in regulating responses to vaccination: current knowledge and future directions.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- Integrating single-cell RNA and T cell/B cell receptor sequencing with mass cytometry reveals dynamic trajectories of human peripheral immune cells from birth to old age.Nature immunology · 2025Observational
- Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Pediatric Populations of Slum Areas: Navigating Challenges and Dynamics of Immune Responses.Current pediatric reviews · 2025Review
- Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis elicits diverse antibody responses to key vaccine antigens influenced by the imprint of past infections.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Effect of RTS,S/AS01NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Effects of Iron Status on Adaptive Immunity and Vaccine Efficacy: A Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
- Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Children from low- and middle-income countries, where there is a high incidence of infectious disease, have the greatest need for the protection afforded by vaccination, but vaccines often show reduced efficacy in these populations. An improved understanding of how age, infection, nutrition, and genetics influence immune ontogeny and function is key to informing vaccine design for this at-risk population. We sought to identify factors that shape immune development in children under 5 years of age from Tanzania and Mozambique by detailed immunophenotyping of longitudinal blood samples collected during the RTS,S malaria vaccine phase 3 trial. In these cohorts, the composition of the immune system is dynamically transformed during the first years of life, and this was further influenced by geographical location, with some immune cell types showing an altered rate of development in Tanzanian children compared to Dutch children enrolled in the Generation R population-based cohort study. High-titer antibody responses to the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine were associated with an activated immune profile at the time of vaccination, including an increased frequency of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and follicular helper T cells. Anemic children had lower frequencies of recent thymic emigrant T cells, isotype-switched memory B cells, and plasmablasts; modulating iron bioavailability in vitro could recapitulate the B cell defects observed in anemic children. Our findings demonstrate that the composition of the immune system in children varies according to age, geographical location, and anemia status.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.