ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Oxygen-Independent Antimicrobial Photoinactivation: Type III Photochemical Mechanism?
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of combined antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation therapy in the management of recurrent herpes labialis: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Cost analysis of photobiomodulation in tibia fracture in the Brazilian public health system.PloS one · 2023Trial
- Laparoscopic Methylene Blue Photodynamic Therapy for Intraabdominal Infection: A Preclinical Feasibility Study in a Rabbit Model of Perforated Appendicitis.Lasers in surgery and medicine · 2026Article
- Beyond photobleaching: radical-driven photocleavage and destaining mechanisms in chromophore-biomolecule conjugates.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2026Review
- Strategies to Enhance the Efficacy and Clinical Translation of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Selective Photodisinfection of Bacteria and Biofilms Using Blue Light-Activated Molybdenum Nanoclusters via Dual Singlet Oxygen and Hydroxyl Radical Sensitization.Inorganic chemistry · 2026Article
- Photo- and Immunotherapy Interface: Can Dendritic Cell Vaccines Overcome the Limitations of PDT?Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Graphene-Based 3D Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration: Emerging Opportunities for MRONJ Treatment.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Illuminating the mechanism: gene expression responses to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.BMC genomics · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using sodium iron chlorophyllin against drug-resistant Cutibacterium acnes from patients with acne vulgaris.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Novel compounds of Taiwanese green propolis induce apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells by daylight photodynamic action.Future science OA · 2025Article
- New cationic diketopyrrolopyrrole photosensitizers for the photoinactivation of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2025Article
- Synergistic Paradigms in Infection Control: A Review on Photodynamic Therapy as an Adjunctive Strategy to Antibiotics.ACS infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Photosensitizer-specific bacterial stress responses in Escherichia coli reveal distinct targets in photoinduced inactivation.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Ab Initio Study of Formation Mechanisms and Thermochemical Properties of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Photocatalytic Processes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Chlorin Activity Enhancers for Photodynamic Therapy.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Superficial, Skin, and Mucosal Fungal Infections: An Update.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- An exploration of the ocular mysteries linking nanoparticles to the patho-therapeutic effects against keratitis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Exploring research dynamics of PDT in anti-infective applications (2004-2024): a bibliometric perspective.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Thio and Seleno Derivatives of Angelicin as Efficient Triplet Harvesting Photosensitizers: Implications in Photodynamic Therapy.Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Since the early work of the 1900s it has been axiomatic that photodynamic action requires the presence of sufficient ambient oxygen. The Type I photochemical pathway involves electron transfer reactions leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), while the Type II pathway involves energy transfer from the PS (photosensitizer) triplet state, leading to production of reactive singlet oxygen. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the possibility of oxygen-independent photoinactivation leading to the killing of pathogenic bacteria, which may be termed the "Type III photochemical pathway". Psoralens can be photoactivated by ultraviolet A (UVA) light to produce DNA monoadducts and inter-strand cross-links that kill bacteria and may actually be more effective in the absence of oxygen. Tetracyclines can function as light-activated antibiotics, working by a mixture of oxygen-dependent and oxygen independent pathways. Again, covalent adducts may be formed in bacterial ribosomes. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by addition of several different inorganic salts, and in the case of potassium iodide and sodium azide, bacterial killing can be achieved in the absence of oxygen. The proposed mechanism involves photoinduced electron transfer that produces reactive inorganic radicals. These new approaches might be useful to treat anaerobic infections or infections in hypoxic tissue.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.