ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2020
Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pre-implementation findings on the barriers and potential solutions to initiate same-day antiretroviral therapy among people who inject drugs in Malaysia.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Construction and Comparison of UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS and UPLC-MS/MS Methods for the Detection of Diazepam Residues in Complex Aquatic Matrices.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Estimation of the prevalence of substance use by wastewater-based epidemiology study in four cities of Guangdong, China.PloS one · 2025Article
- Ketamine-associated upper urinary tract dysfunction: What we know from current literature.Asian journal of urology · 2025Review
- Article
- Biomarker selection strategies based on compound stability in wastewater-based epidemiology.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2023Review
- Exploring drivers of pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Malaysia.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2022Article
- Tracing consumption patterns of stimulants, opioids, and ketamine in China by wastewater-based epidemiology.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Spinal cord infarction in a young patient with methamphetamine abuse.BMJ case reports · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia play a major role in global drug trade and abuse. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants has increased in the past decade in Malaysia. This study aimed to apply wastewater-based epidemiology for the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to estimate the consumption of common illicit drugs in urban population. Influent wastewater samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Kuala Lumpur in the summer of 2017. Concentrations of twenty-four drug biomarkers were analyzed for estimating drug consumption. Fourteen drug residues were detected with concentrations of up to 1640 ng/L. Among the monitored illicit drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy had the highest estimated per capita consumptions. Consumption and dose of amphetamine-type stimulants (methamphetamine and MDMA) were both an order of magnitude higher than those of opioids (heroin and codeine, methadone and tramadol). Amphetamine-type stimulants were the most prevalent drugs, replacing opioids in the drug market. The prevalence trend measured by wastewater-based epidemiology data reflected the shift to amphetamine-type stimulants as reported by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Narcotics Cooperation Center. Most of the undetected drug residues were new psychoactive substances (NPSs), suggesting a low prevalence of NPSs in the drug market.
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