Observational studyPloS one2020
Inter- and intraindividual variability in daily resting heart rate and its associations with age, sex, sleep, BMI, and time of year: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of 92,457 adults.
Observational study in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Heart Rate Monitors for the Estimation of Physical Activity in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Thyroid function tests and resting heart rate in Graves' disease: a prospective longitudinal study.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Synchrony and Reciprocity in Rhythmic Interaction.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Review
- Wearable devices and cardiovascular health: revolutionizing remote monitoring and disease prevention.European heart journal · 2026Review
- Enhancing randomized controlled trials through smartwatch-guided participant matching for infectious disease outcomes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Overcoming Data Loss in Wearable Disease Detection with GAN-Based Imputation.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Digital physiological biomarkers predict within-person symptom changes in complex chronic illness.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Respiratory Synchrony and Individual Differences Causally Influence Dyadic Interpersonal Coordination.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- Hypoxic burden as a cause of cardiovascular morbidity in childhood obstructive sleep apnea.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Elevated Resting Heart Rate in Hospitalized Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With Increased Cardiovascular Risk.Cardiovascular therapeutics · 2026Observational
- Accelerating cardiovascular digital twin creation using precomputed virtual populations as Bayesian priors.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Events From the Photoplethysmograph Waveform.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Contextual equivalence for accurate comparison of wearables requires transparency.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Comparing Heart Rate and Heart Rate Reserve for Accurate Energy Expenditure Prediction Against Direct Measurement.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Derivation of ultrasound and electrocardiogram cardiac reference ranges for Mus musculus using the collaborative cross and identification of new cardiac models.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Tackling inter-subject variability in smartwatch data using factorization models.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Ultra-short-term heart rate variability using a photoplethysmography-based smartphone application: a TeleCheck-AF subanalysis.European heart journal. Digital health · 2025Article
- Continuous theta burst stimulation to the medial posterior cerebellum impairs reversal learning in healthy volunteers.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHeart rate is routinely measured as part of the clinical examination but is rarely acted upon unless it is well outside a population-based normal range. With wearable sensor technologies, heart rate can now be continuously measured, making it possible to accurately identify an individual's "normal" heart rate and potentially important variations in it over time. Our objective is to describe inter- and intra-individual variability in resting heart rate (RHR) collected over the course of two years using a wearable device, studying the variations of resting heart rate as a function of time of year, as well as individuals characteristics like age, sex, average sleep duration, and body mass index (BMI). METHODS AND
findingsOur retrospective, longitudinal cohort study includes 92,457 de-identified individuals from the United States (all 50 states), who consistently-over at least 35 weeks in the period from March 2016 to February 2018, for at least 2 days per week, and at least 20 hours per day-wore a heart rate wrist-worn tracker. In this study, we report daily RHR and its association with age, BMI, sex, and sleep duration, and its variation over time. Individual daily RHR was available for a median of 320 days, providing nearly 33 million daily RHR values. We also explored the range in daily RHR variability between individuals, and the long- and short-term changes in the trajectory of an individual's daily RHR. Mean daily RHR was 65 beats per minute (bpm), with a range of 40 to 109 bpm among all individuals. The mean RHR differed significantly by age, sex, BMI, and average sleep duration. Time of year variations were also noted, with a minimum in July and maximum in January. For most subjects, RHR remained relatively stable over the short term, but 20% experienced at least 1 week in which their RHR fluctuated by 10 bpm or more.
conclusionsIndividuals have a daily RHR that is normal for them but can differ from another individual's normal by as much as 70 bpm. Within individuals, RHR was much more consistent over time, with a small but significant seasonal trend, and detectable discrete and infrequent episodes outside their norms.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.