ArticleCancer medicine2020
Characterization of the immune microenvironment in brain metastases from different solid tumors.
Article in Cancer medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneity of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related inflammatory central nervous system adverse event reporting signals in primary and metastatic brain tumors: a pharmacovigilance study with single-cell and spatial transcriptomic contextualization.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1-mediated immune suppressive status is positively associated with brain metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2025Article
- Brain metastases lung adenocarcinoma patients with BRG1 loss have a grim prognosis, featuring unique morphological and methylation characteristics.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2025Article
- B cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The progress of microenvironment-targeted therapies in brain metastases.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Improves the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Bladder Cancer and Increases the Sensitivity to Immune Checkpoint Blockade.Journal of immunology research · 2022Article
- Clinical Research on the Mechanisms Underlying Immune Checkpoints and Tumor Metastasis.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Characterization of the immune microenvironment in brain metastases from different solid tumors.Cancer medicine · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBrain metastases are one of the most common intracranial neoplasms. Increasing evidence have indicated that systemic immunotherapy may provide long-term benefits for brain metastases. Herein, we presented the results of an immune oncology panel RNA sequencing platform for patients with brain metastases from different primary sites.
methodsWe investigated 25 samples of human brain metastases from lung cancer (n = 12), breast cancer (n = 6), and colorectal cancer (n = 7). Besides, 13 paired samples of adjacent noncancerous brain tissue (10 from patients with lung cancer and 3 from patients with breast cancer) were collected as controls. By comparing the brain metastases and paired samples of adjacent noncancerous brain tissue from 13 patients, we detected three upregulated and six downregulated genes, representing the malignant properties of cancer cells and increased immune infiltration in the microenvironment. Next, we profiled the immune-related genes in brain metastases from three primary cancer types.
resultsA group of genes were significantly overexpressed in the microenvironment of brain metastases from lung cancer, covering the checkpoint pathways, lymphocyte infiltration, and TCR-coexpression. Especially, immune checkpoint molecules, PD-L1, PD-L2, and IDO1 were expressed at higher levels in brain metastases from lung cancer than those from the other two cancer types.
conclusionsThis study presents an immune landscape of brain metastases from different cancer types. With high RNA expression levels of PD-1/PD-L1 axis and immune infiltration in brain metastases, it would be worthwhile to explore the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade for lung cancer patients with intracranial metastases.
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