SynthesisBrain and behavior2020
Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson's disease: Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies.
Synthesis in Brain and behavior, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Viral infections and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Hepatitis C virus infection and Parkinson's disease: insights from a joint sex-stratified BioOptimatics meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Association between microbiological risk factors and neurodegenerative disorders: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Non-Genetic Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of 46 Systematic Reviews.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2021Pooled it
- Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson's disease: Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies.Brain and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Review
- Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus as the infectious agent for a virally induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Periodic limb movements in Parkinson's disease: a critical review of pathophysiology and a framework for clinical management.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Parkinson's disease beyond motor symptoms: a review of the validity and limitations of current classification of non-motor symptoms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Helicobacter pylori infection and α-synuclein pathology drive parallel neurodegenerative pathways in the substantia nigra.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Chronic Neuroplasticity Changes Following Neurotropic Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Implications.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Association Between Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Parkinson's Disease in Korean Populations: A Nested Case-Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Need for awareness and surveillance of long-term post-COVID neurodegenerative disorders. A position paper from the neuroCOVID-19 task force of the European Academy of Neurology.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Viruses and the Brain-A Relationship Prone to Trouble.Viruses · 2025Review
- From Skin and Gut to the Brain: The Infectious Journey of the Human Commensal Fungus Malassezia and Its Neurological Consequences.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Review
- PARK7/DJ-1 deficiency impairs microglial activation in response to LPS-induced inflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease: An Update.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbates the cellular pathology of Parkinson's disease in human dopaminergic neurons and a mouse model.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegeneration of Neurotropic Viral Infection.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsRecent studies showed that patients with various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections might be at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the risk of PD in patients with each specific infection varied. This meta-analysis estimated the association between various infections and PD risk.
methodsLiterature published from January 1965 to October 2019 in PubMed and EMBASE databases was searched. Data were extracted and pooled using random/fixed effects model. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also performed to analyze the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias was estimated by the trim and fill.
resultsTwenty-three out of 6,609 studies were included. Helicobacter pylori (HP; pooled OR = 1.653, 1.426-1.915, p < .001), hepatitis C virus (HCV; pooled OR = 1.195, 1.012-1.410, p = .035), Malassezia (pooled OR = 1.694, 1.367-2.100, p < .001), and pneumoniae (pooled OR = 1.595, 1.020-2.493, p = .041) infection were associated with increased PD risk. Influenza virus, herpes virus, hepatitis B virus, scarlet fever, mumps virus, chicken pox, pertussis, German measles, and measles were not associated with PD risk. After antiviral treatment against HCV reduced the risk of PD in patients with HCV infection (OR = 0.672, 0.571-0.791, p < .001). Significant heterogeneity exists among the included studies.
conclusionPatients with infection of HP, HCV, Malassezia, pneumoniae might be an increased risk of PD. Antiviral treatment of HCV could reduce the risk of PD.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.