ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2020
β 2-Agonists and the Incidence of Parkinson Disease.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between β-Adrenoreceptor Agonists and Antagonists and Parkinson's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Pooled it
- Neuroinflammation and noradrenergic modulation with β2-adrenoceptors: Emerging therapeutic targets for Parkinson's diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Beta 2-adrenergic pathway combats Alzheimer's disease: Restoring cognition and synaptic integrity.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Allergic disease as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease: a possible role of eosinophil.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Therapeutic potential of propranolol in central nervous system disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- The evolution of Alzheimer's target identification: Towards a fusion of artificial and cellular intelligence.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Article
- Beta-adrenoceptor drugs and progression to Parkinson's disease milestones in a large pooled incident cohort.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Use of β-adrenoreceptor drugs and Parkinson's disease incidence in women from the French E3N cohort study.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Exposure and Risk of Parkinson Disease in South Korea: A Nationally Representative Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2025Article
- Gaps in the usage and reporting of multiple imputation for incomplete data: findings from a scoping review of observational studies addressing causal questions.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker use and risk of Parkinson's disease: from multiple real-world evidence.BMC medicine · 2023Observational
- Inhibition of Protein Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targeted Therapy for α-Synucleinopathy.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists and long-term risk of Parkinson's disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2023Article
- β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists in Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: Nested Case-Control Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2023Article
- Shared Molecular Targets in Parkinson's Disease and Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Association between use of ß2-adrenergic receptor agonists and incidence of Parkinson's disease: Retrospective cohort analysis.PloS one · 2022Article
- Personalized Medicine to Improve Treatment of Dopa-Responsive Dystonia-A Focus on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A recent study found a decreased risk of Parkinson disease (PD) associated with the β2 adrenergic agonist (β2-agonist) salbutamol. However, other mechanisms might explain this apparent association. Using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we formed a cohort of 2,430,884 patients aged 50 years or older between 1995 and 2016. During follow-up, 8,604 cases of PD were identified and matched to 86,040 controls on sex, age, date of cohort entry, and duration of follow-up, after applying a 1-year latency time window. Incidence rate ratios of PD associated with use of β2-agonists were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Ever-use of β2-agonists was associated with a 17% decreased rate of PD (rate ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.75, 0.91) compared with no use. However, this association was limited to early short-term use and was no longer observed after more than 2 years of cumulative duration of use (rate ratio = 0.97, 95% confidence interval: 0.80, 1.17). A similar pattern was observed when stratifying by time since first β2-agonist prescription and by duration of follow-up. The apparent association of β2-agonists with a decreased risk of PD is likely the result of reverse causality rather than a biological effect of these drugs on the risk of PD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.