ArticlePublic health nutrition2020
US toddler milk sales and associations with marketing practices.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Outcomes of implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes as national laws: a systematic review.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Pooled it
- The Impact of Toddler Milk Claims on Beliefs and Misperceptions: A Randomized Experiment with Parents of Young Children.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2022Trial
- Purchases of toddler formula in the USA: 17 years of household demographics and spending.Public health nutrition · 2026Article
- Research on commercial milk formulas for young children: A scoping review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Responsive Feeding Practices to Promote Healthy Diets: A Mixed Method Study among Low-Income Caregivers with Toddlers.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Toddler milk: a scoping review of research on consumption, perceptions, and marketing practices.Nutrition reviews · 2024Article
- Bold Action Needed for Equitable Access to Nutrition Assistance by All.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- Toddler Milk Perceptions and Responses to Front-of-Package Claims and Product Warnings: A Qualitative Study of Caregivers of Toddlers.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2023Article
- Content analysis of on-package formula labelling in Great Britain: use of marketing messages on infant, follow-on, growing-up and specialist formula.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- To Protect Young Children's Health, Limit Marketing and Ubiquity of Unhealthy Foods and Beverages.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Effects of Sugary Drink Countermarketing Videos on Caregivers' Attitudes and Intentions to Serve Fruit Drinks and Toddler Milks to Young Children.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- What Will It Take to Improve Breastfeeding Outcomes in the United States Without Leaving Anyone Behind?American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Estimating the lagged effect of price discounting: a time-series study on sugar sweetened beverage purchasing in a supermarket.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Marketing of sugar-sweetened children's drinks and parents' misperceptions about benefits for young children.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
- Follow-up and growing-up formula promotion among Mexican pregnant women and mothers of children under 18 months old.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
- Consumption of breast milk, formula and other non-human milk by children aged under 2 years: analysis of eighty-six low- and middle-income countries.Public health nutrition · 2022Article
- Exploring Infant Caregivers' Provision of Modified Formulas: Potential Demographic Differences and Reasons for Provisions.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry.Globalization and health · 2021Article
- First-food systems transformations and the ultra-processing of infant and young child diets: The determinants, dynamics and consequences of the global rise in commercial milk formula consumption.Maternal & child nutrition · 2021Article
- Parental Perceptions and Exposure to Advertising of Toddler Milk: A Pilot Study with Latino Parents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveExtensive marketing of 'toddler milks' (sugar-sweetened milk-based drinks for toddlers) promotes unsubstantiated product benefits and raises concerns about consumption by young children. The present study documents trends in US toddler milk sales and assesses relationships with brand and category marketing.
designWe report annual US toddler milk and infant formula sales and marketing from 2006 to 2015. Sales response models estimate associations between marketing (television advertising spending, product price, number of retail displays) and volume sales of toddler milks by brand and category.
settingUS Nielsen retail scanner sales and advertising spending data from 2006 to 2015.
participantsResearchers analysed all Universal Product Codes (n 117·4 million) sold by seven infant formula and eight toddler milk brands from 2006 to 2015.
resultsAdvertising spending on toddler milks increased fourfold during this 10-year period and volume sales increased 2·6 times. In contrast, advertising spending and volume sales of infant formulas declined. Toddler milk volume sales were positively associated with television advertising and retail displays, and negatively associated with price, at both the brand and category levels.
conclusionsAggressive marketing of toddler milks has likely contributed to rapid sales increases in the USA. However, these sugar-sweetened drinks are not recommended for toddler consumption. Health-care providers, professional organizations and public health campaigns should provide clear guidance and educate parents to reduce toddler milk consumption and address misperceptions about their benefits. These findings also support the need to regulate marketing of toddler milks in countries that prohibit infant formula marketing to consumers.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.