ReviewNutrients2020
The Unfinished Agenda for Food Fortification in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Quantifying Progress, Gaps and Potential Opportunities.
Review in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The role of policy on fortification in food processing and value addition in Malawi and Mozambique-a systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Global Coverage of Mandatory Large-Scale Food Fortification Programs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- Magnitude and determinants of neural tube defect in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of Quintuply-Fortified Salt on the Micronutrient Status of Children 12 to 59 Months of Age in Punjab, India: Results from a Randomized, Community-Based, Household Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Diversified food fortification portfolios can enhance coverage of micronutrient-vulnerable populations in West Africa.Nature food · 2026Article
- Pro-Vitamin A Biofortified Cavendish Banana: Trait Stability in the Field.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Cost-Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Bouillon Fortification Programs: Evidence for Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- The Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation: An Assessment of a Vitamin A Days-Plus Event in Burkina Faso.Food and nutrition bulletin · 2025Article
- Fortification with folic acid and early human embryo development: lessons from assisted reproduction.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- How big data analytics can strengthen large-scale food fortification and biofortification decision-making: A scoping review.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- Simulated Impact of Vitamin A-Fortified Sugar on Dietary Adequacy and Association of Usual Sugar Intake With Plasma and Breast Milk Retinol Among Lactating Zambian Women.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Advancing the use of evidence in bouillon fortification policy discussions: Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- Impacts of Food Fortification on Micronutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age in Africa-A Narrative Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Review
- Assessing the Fortification Quality of Refined Vegetable Oil with Vitamin A, Wheat Flour with Iron, and Salt with Iodine: Findings from a Market Assessment in Senegal, West Africa.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Digital tools and technologies used in food fortification: A scoping review.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- The cost-efficiency of vitamin A supplementation services in Kenya: An assessment of a Malezi Bora event in Kenya.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- Informing the Design of Large-Scale Food Fortification Programs with Secondary Data: Pilot Results from Nigeria and Zambia.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Vitamin A fortification: key factors and considerations for effective implementation.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- A comprehensive analysis of vitamin a deficiency burden and trends: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021 and future predictions to 2050.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) is a cost-effective intervention that is widely implemented, but there is scope to further increase its potential. To identify gaps and opportunities, we first accessed the Global Fortification Data Exchange (GFDx) to identify countries that could benefit from new fortification programs. Second, we aggregated Fortification Assessment Coverage Toolkit (FACT) survey data from 16 countries to ascertain LSFF coverage and gaps therein. Third, we extended our narrative review to assess current innovations. We identified 84 countries as good candidates for new LSFF programs. FACT data revealed that the potential of oil/ghee and salt fortification is not being met due mainly to low coverage of adequately fortified foods (quality). Wheat, rice and maize flour fortification have similar quality issues combined with lower coverage of the fortifiable food at population-level (< 50%). A four-pronged strategy is needed to meet the unfinished agenda: first, establish new LSFF programs where warranted; second, systems innovations informed by implementation research to address coverage and quality gaps; third, advocacy to form new partnerships and resources, particularly with the private sector; and finally, exploration of new fortificants and vehicles (e.g. bouillon cubes; salt fortified with multiple nutrients) and other innovations that can address existing challenges.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.