ArticleNutrients2020
Human Cytomegalovirus Reactivation During Lactation: Impact of Antibody Kinetics and Neutralization in Blood and Breast Milk.
Article in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breast milk-acquired cytomegalovirus (aCMV) infection with sepsis-like syndrome in extremely preterm twins.IDCases · 2025Article
- Breast milk induces the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, promoting human cytomegalovirus infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Human cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition and the infant gut microbiome and growth.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- The Use of Saliva Samples to Test for Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Newborns: Examination of False-Positive Samples Associated with Donor Milk Use.International journal of neonatal screening · 2023Article
- Human Cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition, the infant gut microbiome, and infant growth.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Horizontal transmission of endemic viruses among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for human cytomegalovirus vaccine/challenge design.Journal of medical primatology · 2023Article
- Frequencies of activated T cell populations increase in breast milk of HCMV-seropositive mothers during local HCMV reactivation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Comparability of CMV DNA Extraction Methods and Validation of Viral Load.Methods and protocols · 2022Article
- Optimisation and Application of a Novel Method to Identify Bacteriophages in Maternal Milk and Infant Stool Identifies Host-Phage Communities Within Preterm Infant Gut.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Article
- Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Diversity in Longitudinally Collected Breast Milk Samples.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Immunomonitoring of Human Breast Milk Cells During HCMV-Reactivation.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Impact of breast milk-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in premature infants: Pathogenesis, prevention, and clinical consequences?Reviews in medical virology · 2020Review
- Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Reactivation in the Mammary Gland Induces a Proinflammatory Cytokine Shift in Breast Milk.Microorganisms · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is shed into breast milk in nearly every seropositive woman during lactation. This reactivation shows mostly a self-limited, unimodal course. The dynamics and functional role of HCMV-specific-IgG in breast milk and in plasma during reactivation are unknown. Milk whey viral loads were monitored with real-time PCR in 18 HCMV-seropositive mothers over two months postpartum. HCMV-antibody binding assays (ECLIA) and antigen-specific immunoblotting were performed from plasma and corresponding milk samples. Epithelial-cell-specific neutralization was used to analyze functional antibodies in plasma- and whey-pools. Viral loads in milk whey showed unimodal courses in 15 of 18 mothers with peak viral loads around one month postpartum. HCMV-specific-IgG-antibodies increased significantly in plasma and milk whey during reactivation. The mean levels of plasma IgG were about 275-fold higher than in whey. Only antibodies against tegument protein p150 were continuously expressed in both compartments. Anti-glycoprotein-B1 IgG-antibodies were variably expressed in whey, but continuously in plasma. Neutralization assays showed 40-fold higher NT-50 values in plasma compared to whey at two months postpartum. During reactivation, HCMV-specific-IgG reactivities and neutralizing capacities are much lower in whey than in plasma. Therefore, their specific role in the decrease and discontinuation of virus-shedding in milk remains unclear.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.