Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32010948›Full record

Trial reportNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2021

Can the Public Be Educated About Constituents in Smokeless Tobacco? A Three-Wave Randomized Controlled Trial.

Barbara Loken, Eugene Borgida, Tzushuo Wang, Molly K Madzelan, Allison L Williams, Dorothy Hatsukami, Irina Stepanov

Open access · greenAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
0.3field-weighted citation impact, top 38% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Barbara LokenDepartment of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Eugene BorgidaDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Tzushuo WangDepartment of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Molly K MadzelanDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Allison L WilliamsDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Dorothy HatsukamiDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Irina StepanovDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
University of Minnesota · US

Funding

Nornicotine in smokeless tobacco as a precursor for carcinogen exposureR01CA180880 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI STEPANOV, IRINA · 2014 to 2018
$2.4M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA180880
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required by law to inform the public about levels of harmful and potentially harmful tobacco constituents in a format that is "understandable and not misleading to a lay person." Our study addresses a critical gap in research on communicating such information for smokeless tobacco (SLT) products.

methodsThe design included random assignment to one of the experimental (online interactive) conditions differing in presentation format or a control condition (receiving no information). Experimental respondents viewed information on levels and health risks of 5 harmful constituents in up to 79 products. Outcome measures included knowledge of health risks of constituents, perception of constituent variability in SLT products, disease risk ratings, self-reported SLT use, and side-by-side product comparisons. The sample of 333 SLT users, 535 cigarette smokers, and 663 nontobacco users participated at baseline, time of intervention, and 6 weeks postintervention.

resultsPresentation formats showed few systematic differences so were combined in analyses. Experimental condition respondents increased their knowledge about constituent health effects and their perceptions of constituent variability in SLT products, from baseline to postintervention, and relative to the control condition. Changes in respondents' ratings of disease risk and their estimates of constituent exposure from specific products were observed, but not in self-reported SLT use.

conclusionsInteractive online graphic and numeric presentation formats can be efficient in increasing people's knowledge of health effects and perceived variation of constituents in SLT products. Further research on longer-term behavioral assessment, and usefulness of this approach for regulatory agencies, is needed. IMPLICATIONS: Research on communicating the information about harmful constituents in SLT products to lay persons is critically lacking. This study proposes novel formats for effective communication about the levels and the health effects of SLT constituents to multiple user groups. The lack of misperceptions among study participants that some tobacco products are safe suggests that such formats can potentially be used for public display of SLT constituent data by the FDA and regulatory agencies in other countries.

Indexed as

CommunicationCase-Control StudiesConsumer Health InformationFemaleHumansMalePatient Education as TopicSelf ReportSmokersTobacco ProductsTobacco UseUnited StatesUnited States Food and Drug Administration

Identifiers

PMID32010948
PMCPMC7789948
OpenAlexW3004603028

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.