Observational studyHypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)2020
Urinary Albumin, Sodium, and Potassium and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the UK Biobank: Observational and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.
Observational study in Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05839860 (The Effect of Low and High Salt Intake on Hydration Status and Gastrointestinal Discomfort During Seven Hours of Dry Fasting), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Low and High Salt Intake on Hydration Status and Gastrointestinal Discomfort During Seven Hours of Dry Fasting
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Independent Associations of Education, Intelligence, and Cognition With Hypertension and the Mediating Effects of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2023Pooled it
- Lifestyle factors, serum parameters, metabolic comorbidities, and the risk of kidney stones: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Dietary Sodium-Potassium Imbalance and Hypertension: Causal Pathways Involving Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Metabolic Disorders.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Associations of Serum Testosterone and SHBG With Incident Fractures in Middle-aged to Older Men.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- A sex-specific Mendelian randomization-phenome-wide association study of body mass index.eLife · 2025Article
- Article
- Kidney Function Measures and Mortality: A Mendelian Randomization Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2024Article
- High ADMA Is Associated with Worse Health Profile in Heart Failure Patients Hospitalized for Episodes of Acute Decompensation.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Effect of low sodium and high potassium diet on lowering blood pressure and cardiovascular events.Clinical hypertension · 2024Review
- Causal association of genetically predicted urinary sodium-potassium ratio and upper urinary calculi.Urolithiasis · 2023Article
- Emerging Biomarkers for Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Heart Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Microfluidic Sliding Paper-Based Device for Point-of-Care Determination of Albumin-to-Creatine Ratio in Human Urine.Biosensors · 2022Article
- Separating the direct effects of traits on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease from those mediated by type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2022Article
- The impact of excessive salt intake on human health.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2022Review
- Miracle fruit seed as a potential supplement for the treatment of learning and memory disorders in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Search for a Functional Genetic Variant Mimicking the Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitor Treatment.Genes · 2021Article
- New biomarkers from multiomics approaches: improving risk prediction of atrial fibrillation.Cardiovascular research · 2021Review
- Fatty Liver Index and Development of Cardiovascular Disease: Findings from the UK Biobank.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Article
- Estimated salt intake and risk of atrial fibrillation in a prospective community-based cohort.Journal of internal medicine · 2021Observational
- Causal effect of atrial fibrillation/flutter on chronic kidney disease: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.PloS one · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Urinary biomarkers are associated with cardiovascular disease, but the nature of these associations is not well understood. We performed multivariable-adjusted regression models to assess associations of random spot measurements of the urine sodium-potassium ratio (UNa/UK) and urine albumin adjusted for creatinine with cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in 478 311 participants of the UK Biobank. Further, we assessed the causal relationships of these kidney biomarkers, used as proxies for kidney function, with cardiovascular outcomes using the 2-sample Mendelian randomization approach. In observational analyses, UNa/UK showed significant inverse associations with atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, lipid-lowering medication, and T2D. In contrast, urine albumin adjusted for creatinine showed significant positive associations with atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart failure, hemorrhagic stroke, lipid-lowering medication, and T2D. We found a positive association between UNa/UK and albumin with blood pressure (BP), as well as with adiposity-related measures. After correcting for potential horizontal pleiotropy, we found evidence of causal associations of UNa/UK and albumin with BP (β systolic BP ≥2.63; β diastolic BP ≥0.85 SD increase in BP per SD change in UNa/UK and urine albumin adjusted for creatinine;
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.