ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Effectiveness of Trivalent and Quadrivalent Inactivated Vaccines Against Influenza B in the United States, 2011-2012 to 2016-2017.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Protection against influenza hospitalizations from enhanced influenza vaccines among older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2024Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine in populations aged ≥ 3 years: A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority clinical trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Absolute and Relative Effectiveness of Cell Culture-Based and Egg-Based Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza (Flu) Vaccine Products From the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Seasons, US Flu VE Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Observational
- In-Hospital Complications of Influenza A and B Among Hospitalized Australian Children in the Post-COVID Era.The clinical respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Low effectiveness of influenza vaccines vis-à-vis mechanism of protection by vaccines - potential causes and recommendations to improve control of influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Fighting the flu in the tropics: The role of influenza vaccination in Southeast Asia.Asia Pacific allergy · 2025Article
- Epidemiological analysis of influenza vaccination coverage in Pudong New Area, Shanghai (2013-2023): Implications for influenza vaccination strategies.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Influenza B Virus Vaccine Innovation through Computational Design.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Development of virus-like particles-based vaccines against coronaviruses.Biotechnology progress · 2022Review
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza Hospitalization and Emergency Department Visits in 2 A(H3N2) Dominant Influenza Seasons Among Children <18 Years Old-New Vaccine Surveillance Network 2016-2017 and 2017-2018.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Influenza vaccination and mortality among adults with heart failure in an integrated healthcare delivery system, 2009-2018.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Observational
- Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2022Review
- The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Effect of Antigenic Drift on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States-2019-2020.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Synthetic vaccine affords full protection to mice against lethal challenge of influenza B virus of both genetic lineages.iScience · 2021Article
- Lineage-specific protection and immune imprinting shape the age distributions of influenza B cases.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Mosaic Hemagglutinin-Based Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccines Induce Broad Protection Against Influenza B Virus Challenge in Mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Natural immunity to influenza A and B among Saudi blood donors in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.Saudi medical journal · 2020Article
- Interim estimates of 2019/20 vaccine effectiveness during early-season co-circulation of influenza A and B viruses, Canada, February 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2020Article
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18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSince 2013, quadrivalent influenza vaccines containing 2 B viruses gradually replaced trivalent vaccines in the United States. We compared the vaccine effectiveness of quadrivalent to trivalent inactivated vaccines (IIV4 to IIV3, respectively) against illness due to influenza B during the transition, when IIV4 use increased rapidly.
methodsThe US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu VE) Network analyzed 25 019 of 42 600 outpatients aged ≥6 months who enrolled within 7 days of illness onset during 6 seasons from 2011-2012. Upper respiratory specimens were tested for the influenza virus type and B lineage. Using logistic regression, we estimated IIV4 or IIV3 effectiveness by comparing the odds of an influenza B infection overall and the odds of B lineage among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants. Over 4 seasons from 2013-2014, we compared the relative odds of an influenza B infection among IIV4 versus IIV3 recipients.
resultsTrivalent vaccines included the predominantly circulating B lineage in 4 of 6 seasons. During 4 influenza seasons when both IIV4 and IIV3 were widely used, the overall effectiveness against any influenza B was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45-59) for IIV4 versus 45% (95% CI, 34-54) for IIV3. IIV4 was more effective than IIV3 against the B lineage not included in IIV3, but comparative effectiveness against illnesses related to any influenza B favored neither vaccine valency.
conclusionsThe uptake of quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines was not associated with increased protection against any influenza B illness, despite the higher effectiveness of quadrivalent vaccines against the added B virus lineage. Public health impact and cost-benefit analyses are needed globally.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.