ArticleBMC veterinary research2020
Choline supplementation prevents diet induced gut mucosa lipid accumulation in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Glycine and Methyl Donors Remodel Gut Microbiota to Enhance Collagen Synthesis in Sea Cucumber (Biology · 2025Article
- Dietary Choline Supplementation Modulates Growth Performance and Protein Metabolism by Promoting Glucose and Lipid Catabolism in Chinese Perch (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Impacts of alfalfa nutrient concentrate on pellet physical attributes, growth performance, metabolism and nutritional quality of rainbow trout,Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2025Article
- Epigenetic changes in pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon fed diets containing increasing levels of lipids and choline.Epigenetics · 2024Article
- Effects of dietary fish to rapeseed oil ratio on steatosis symptoms in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) of different sizes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Exploring gut microbiota in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Associations with gut health and dietary prebiotics.Animal microbiome · 2023Article
- Effects of Different Phospholipid Sources on Growth and Gill Health in Atlantic Salmon in Freshwater Pre-Transfer Phase.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Effects of dietary lipid level and environmental temperature on lipid metabolism in the intestine and liver, and choline requirement in Atlantic salmon (Journal of nutritional science · 2023Article
- Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline,Aquaculture nutrition · 2023Article
- Consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon fed insect meal diets.Animal microbiome · 2022Article
- The plasma metabolome of Atlantic salmon as studied byMetabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2021Article
- Dietary Inclusion of Black Soldier Fly (Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVarious intestinal morphological alterations have been reported in cultured fish fed diets with high contents of plant ingredients. Since 2000, salmon farmers have reported symptoms indicating an intestinal problem, which we suggest calling lipid malabsorption syndrome (LMS), characterized by pale and foamy appearance of the enterocytes of the pyloric caeca, the result of lipid accumulation. The objective of the present study was to investigate if insufficient dietary choline may be a key component in development of the LMS.
resultsThe results showed that Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), average weight 362 g, fed a plant based diet for 79 days developed signs of LMS. In fish fed a similar diet supplemented with 0.4% choline chloride no signs of LMS were seen. The relative weight of the pyloric caeca was 40% lower, reflecting 65% less triacylglycerol content and histologically normal gut mucosa. Choline supplementation further increased specific fish growth by 18%. The concomitant alterations in intestinal gene expression related to phosphatidylcholine synthesis (chk and pcyt1a), cholesterol transport (abcg5 and npc1l1), lipid metabolism and transport (mgat2a and fabp2) and lipoprotein formation (apoA1 and apoAIV) confirmed the importance of choline in lipid turnover in the intestine and its ability to prevent LMS. Another important observation was the apparent correlation between plin2 expression and degree of enterocyte hyper-vacuolation observed in the current study, which suggests that plin2 may serve as a marker for intestinal lipid accumulation and steatosis in fish. Future research should be conducted to strengthen the knowledge of choline's critical role in lipid transport, phospholipid synthesis and lipoprotein secretion to improve formulations of plant based diets for larger fish and to prevent LMS.
conclusionsCholine prevents excessive lipid accumulation in the proximal intestine and is essential for Atlantic salmon in seawater.
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