ArticleExperimental physiology2020
Sex differences in paediatric airway anatomy.
Article in Experimental physiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Respiratory Impedance Prediction in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Modelling Approach.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- The conducting airways before and after gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender individuals.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Beyond the Usual Suspects: Unmasking Low-T2 Asthma in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics and prognostic differences of children with acute bronchitis across different age groups.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Predicting Minute Ventilation from Heart Rate in Adolescents: A Tool for Environmental Health Studies.Environments (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A CBCT Morphometric Study of Hyoid Bone According to Skeletal and Breathing Patterns Using Multi-Factor Robust ANOVA.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Greater large conducting airway luminal area in adult patients with interstitial lung disease.Physiological reports · 2025Observational
- The Effect of Long-Term Exposure to OInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating the role of sex-related structure-function differences on airway aerosol transport and deposition.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Increased luminal area of large conducting airways in patients with COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: a retrospective case-control study.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Airway tree caliber heterogeneity and airflow obstruction among older adults.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Testosterone Enhances KInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Body composition in early pubescent children with obesity: effects following 1 year of nonintervention.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- [Anatomical relationship between the brachiocephalic trunk and the trachea and the clinical implications].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2023Article
- Sex matters: the frequently overlooked importance of considering sex in computational models.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Review
- Greater central airway luminal area in people with COVID-19: a case-control series.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in Bacterial Infections.Infection and immunity · 2022Review
- Sex, gender and the pulmonary physiology of exercise.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2022Review
- Evaluation of sex-based differences in airway size and the physiological implications.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
- An integrative approach to the pulmonary physiology of exercise: when does biological sex matter?European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
NEW
findingsWhat is the central question of this study? Are sex difference in the central airways present in healthy paediatric patients? What is the main finding and its importance? In patients ≤12 years we found no sex differences in central airway luminal area. After 14 years, the males had significantly larger central airway luminal areas than the females. The sex differences were minimized, but preserved when correcting for height. Luminal area is the main determinant of airway resistance and our finding could help explain sex differences in pulmonary system limitations to exercise in paediatric patients. ABSTRACT: Cross-sectional airway area is the main determinant of resistance to airflow in the respiratory system. In paediatric patients (<18 years), previous evidence for sex differences in cross-sectional airway area was limited to patients with history of pulmonary disease or cadaveric studies with small numbers of subjects. These studies either only report tracheal data and do not include a range of ages or correct for height. Therefore, we sought to assess sex differences in airway luminal area utilizing paediatric patients of varying ages and no history of respiratory disease. Using three-dimensional reconstructions from high-resolution computed tomography scans, we retrospectively assessed the cross-sectional airway area in healthy paediatric females (n = 97) and males (n = 128) over a range of ages (1-17 years). The areas of the trachea, left main bronchus, left upper lobe, left lower lobe, right main bronchus, intermediate bronchus and right upper lobe were measured at three discrete points by a blinded investigator. No differences between the sexes were noted in the cross-sectional areas of the youngest (ages 1-12 years) patients (P > 0.05). However, in patients ≥14 years the cross-sectional areas were larger in the males compared to females in most airway sites. For instance, the cross-sectional size of the trachea was 25% (218 ± 44 vs. 163 ± 24 mm
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