ArticleJournal of human hypertension2020
The association of antihypertensive use and depressive symptoms in a large older population with hypertension living in Australia and the United States: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Journal of human hypertension, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- The relationship between renin-angiotensin system-modulating medication and depression: a systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Association between antihypertensive drug use and the risk of depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of human hypertension · 2025Pooled it
- Unraveling the link between hypertension and depression in older adults: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- The risk associated with ultra-processed food intake on depressive symptoms and mental health in older adults: a target trial emulation.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
- Advances in calcium signalling research for the diagnosis and treatment of depression.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Association between beta-blocker and statin use and mental health in patients following pulmonary embolism: a prospective cohort study.BMC psychology · 2026Observational
- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Hypertensive Patients: The Role of Major Depressive Disorder.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Intervention strategies for management of comorbid depression among individuals with hypertension: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Causal relationship between genetic proxies for calcium channel blockers and the risk of depression: a drug-target Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Antihypertensive drugs and brain function: mechanisms underlying therapeutically beneficial and harmful neuropsychiatric effects.Cardiovascular research · 2023Review
- Risk of antidepressant initiation among users of cardiovascular agents and metformin. Findings from the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD), Norway: Findings from the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD), Norway.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2023Article
- CACNA1C (CaNeuropharmacology · 2022Review
- Brain-penetrant calcium channel blockers are associated with a reduced incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- Associations of Cardiovascular Agents and Metformin with Depression Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the HUNT Study, Norway.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2022Article
- Drug Safety in Episodic Migraine Management in Adults. Part 2: Preventive Treatments.Current pain and headache reports · 2022Review
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of depression among older people with hypertension.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Association Between Lipophilic Beta-Blockers and Depression in Diabetic Patients on Chronic Dialysis.Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes · 2022Article
- Onset and recurrence of psychiatric disorders associated with anti-hypertensive drug classes.Translational psychiatry · 2021Article
- Influence of Hostility on 24-Hour Diastolic Blood Pressure Load in Hypertension Patients with Depressive Disorders.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2021Article
- Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cardiovascular drugs impact many pathways involved in depression pathophysiology and treatment. However, their distinct impact on mood is underrecognized and the literature is conflicting. Therefore, using a very large and well-characterised sample of older adults with hypertension, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in users of different antihypertensive classes. We analysed baseline data from 14,195 older individuals with hypertension enroled in a large clinical trial. Median age was 75 years. The association of antihypertensive use by class and depression prevalence, as measured by a validated depression scale, was determined using logistic regression models. Multivariable logistic models were implemented to account for important confounding factors. Our analyses showed a positive association between depressive symptoms and the use of beta blockers (BB) (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.17-1.60, p < 0.01), compared with users of other antihypertensive classes. All other classes of antihypertensives (including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers) were not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. In secondary analysis, this relationship was stronger for lipophilic (39%) and nonselective BB (52%) compared with hydrophilic (26%) and selective medications (31%), respectively. This study adds further evidence for a probable association between BB and depression in a large sample of older adults with hypertension and no history of cardiovascular disease or heart failure. These findings should regenerate interest and increase awareness of clinicians about the possible adverse effects of these medications in an otherwise healthy older population.
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Registered trials
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