ReviewThe lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology2020
Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology.
Review in The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 196 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
196 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- What does qualitative evidence tell us about how having a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus impacts an individual's identity? A systematic review.Journal of health psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical parameters and emerging biomarkers of partial remission in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Functions, Features, and Psychological Well-Being Impacts of Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management Mobile and Web Apps: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Gluten-free diets for metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Type 1 diabetes and the risk of epilepsy: A meta-analysis.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of the association of Type I diabetes with sensorineural hearing loss.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Trends in the Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in European Children and Adolescents from 1994 to 2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric diabetes · 2024Pooled it
- The worldwide prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults among adult-onset diabetic individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents with New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.Pediatric diabetes · 2023Pooled it
- Current Status of Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: an Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Obesity surgery · 2022Pooled it
- The Incidence of Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review From 32 Countries and Regions.Diabetes care · 2022Pooled it
- Diabetes and Risks of Right-Sided and Left-Sided Colon Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohorts.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Concentrations Among Children and Adolescents With Diabetes in Middle- and Low-Income Countries, 2010-2019: A Retrospective Chart Review and Systematic Review of Literature.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Sleep-Opt-In: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study to Improve Sleep and Glycemic Variability in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.The science of diabetes self-management and care · 2023Trial
- Transcriptional and phenotypic alterations of regulatory and effector T cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Lifestyle and environmental risk factors for adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: current evidence and future directions.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- BMI Normalization Is Associated With Lower Risk of Progression to Type 1 Diabetes, Primarily in Youth.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- A Secular Increase in the Incidence of Islet Autoimmunity Among Colorado Children With Moderate-Risk HLA Genotypes.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Advancing Type 1 Diabetes Treatment: 3 PM-Oriented Innovations in Islet Transplantation and Biomaterial Engineering.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Review
136 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic, immune-mediated disease characterised by the destruction of insulin-producing cells. Standardised registry data show that type 1 diabetes incidence has increased 3-4% over the past three decades, supporting the role of environmental factors. Although several factors have been associated with type 1 diabetes, none of the associations are of a magnitude that could explain the rapid increase in incidence alone. Moreover, evidence of changing prevalence of these exposures over time is insufficient. Multiple factors could simultaneously explain the changing type 1 diabetes incidence, or the magnitude of observed associations could have been underestimated because of exposure measurement error, or the mismodelling of complex exposure-time-response relationships. The identification of environmental factors influencing the risk of type 1 diabetes and increased understanding of the cause at the individual level, regardless of the ability to explain the changing incidence at the population level, is important because of the implications for prevention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.