ArticleFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience2019
Interoceptive Insular Cortex Mediates Both Innate Fear and Contextual Threat Conditioning to Predator Odor.
Article in Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative insights into insula structure and function.Nature neuroscience · 2026Review
- A cortical insula-orbitofrontal circuit drives stress-induced dopamine system dysfunction.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Threat-related corticocortical connectivity elicited by rapid auditory looms.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A top-down insular cortex circuit crucial for non-nociceptive fear learning.Science advances · 2025Article
- Advances in neural circuits of innate fear defense behavior.Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2023Review
- Interoception in Fear Learning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2023Article
- Article
- The basolateral amygdala to posterior insular cortex tract is necessary for social interaction with stressed juvenile rats.Behavioural brain research · 2022Article
- Clinical Manifestations of Body Memories: The Impact of Past Bodily Experiences on Mental Health.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- The effects of predator odor (TMT) exposure and mGluNeuropharmacology · 2022Article
- A modified mouse model for observational fear learning and the influence of social hierarchy.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Dynamic regulation of oxytocin neuronal circuits in the sequential processes of prosocial behavior in rodent models.Current research in neurobiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC), among other brain regions, becomes active when humans experience fear or anxiety. However, few experimental studies in rats have implicated the IC in threat responses. We have recently reported that inactivation of the primary interoceptive cortex (pIC) during pre-training, or the intra-pIC blockade of protein synthesis immediately after training, impaired the consolidation of auditory fear conditioning. The present study was designed to investigate the role of the pIC in innate and learned defensive responses to predator odor. Freezing behavior was elicited by single or repetitive exposures to a collar that had been worn by a domestic cat. Sessions were video-recorded and later scored by video observation. We found that muscimol inactivation of the pIC reduced the expression of freezing reaction in response to a single or repeated exposure to cat odor. We also found that pIC inactivation with muscimol impaired conditioning of fear to the context in which rats were exposed to cat odor. Furthermore, neosaxitoxin inactivation of the pIC resulted in a prolonged and robust reduction in freezing response in subsequent re-exposures to cat odor. In addition, freezing behavior significantly correlated with the neural activity of the IC. The present results suggest that the IC is involved in the expression of both innate and learned fear responses to predator odor.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.