ArticlePloS one2020
The age-specific burden and household and school-based predictors of child and adolescent tuberculosis infection in rural Uganda.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01864603 (Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculosis in children who are HIV-exposed uninfected.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Community-Wide Universal HIV Test and Treat Intervention Reduces Tuberculosis Transmission in Rural Uganda: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CFP-10/ESAT-6 CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Non-IFN-γ+ Responses Are Common in Young Kenyan Children Despite Low Reported Tuberculosis Exposure.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission among child and adolescent contacts of people with pulmonary tuberculosis in Brazil: a multi-center prospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Prevalence, radio-clinical patterns and factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis among children with severe acute malnutrition: a cross-sectional study in Uganda.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Incident Tuberculosis Infection Is Associated With Alcohol Use in Adults in Rural Uganda.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Public Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Active Tuberculosis Disease or Infection Among Children in South Africa.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- The Association Between Social Network Characteristics and Tuberculosis Infection Among Adults in 9 Rural Ugandan Communities.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Review
- Know your tuberculosis epidemic-Is it time to add Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoreactivity back into global surveillance?PLOS global public health · 2022Review
- Tuberculosis in Adolescents and Young Adults: Emerging Data on TB Transmission and Prevention among Vulnerable Young People.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Review
- The impact of COVID-19 on TB: a review of the data.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe age-specific epidemiology of child and adolescent tuberculosis (TB) is poorly understood, especially in rural areas of East Africa. We sought to characterize the age-specific prevalence and predictors of TB infection among children and adolescents living in rural Uganda, and to explore the contribution of household TB exposure on TB infection.
methodsFrom 2015-2016 we placed and read 3,121 tuberculin skin tests (TST) in children (5-11 years old) and adolescents (12-19 years old) participating in a nested household survey in 9 rural Eastern Ugandan communities. TB infection was defined as a positive TST (induration ≥10mm or ≥5mm if living with HIV). Age-specific prevalence was estimated using inverse probability weighting to adjust for incomplete measurement. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association between TB infection and multi-level predictors.
resultsThe adjusted prevalence of TB infection was 8.5% (95%CI: 6.9-10.4) in children and 16.7% (95% CI:14.0-19.7) in adolescents. Nine percent of children and adolescents with a prevalent TB infection had a household TB contact. Among children, having a household TB contact was strongly associated with TB infection (aOR 5.5, 95% CI: 1.7-16.9), but the strength of this association declined among adolescents and did not meet significance (aOR 2.3, 95% CI: 0.8-7.0). The population attributable faction of TB infection due to a household TB contact was 8% for children and 4% among adolescents. Mobile children and adolescents who travel outside of their community for school had a 1.7 (95% CI 1.0-2.9) fold higher odds of TB infection than those who attended school in the community.
conclusionChildren and adolescents in this area of rural eastern Uganda suffer a significant burden of TB. The majority of TB infections are not explained by a known household TB contact. Our findings underscore the need for community-based TB prevention interventions, especially among mobile youth.
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