ArticleParticle and fibre toxicology2020
Assessment of respiratory and systemic toxicity of Benzalkonium chloride following a 14-day inhalation study in rats.
Article in Particle and fibre toxicology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Outdoor disinfectant sprays for the prevention of COVID-19: Are they safe for the environment?The Science of the total environment · 2021Pooled it
- Differential and Sex-Specific Toxicity of Aspirated Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Concentration-dependent aerosol size alters regional deposition and inhalation dose translation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Exploring the Potential of Non-Viral Nanocarriers for Improving Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability to Enhance the Treatment of Brain Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Insight into didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide toxicity following acute exposure in pullets (Gallus gallusdomesticus).Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Nano-Reactors Based on Ovotransferrin Organic Skeleton through a Ferroptosis-like Strategy Efficiently Enhance Antibacterial Activity.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Article
- Article
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Chemical Class of Emerging Concern.Environmental science & technology · 2023Review
- Challenges in the Development and Application of Organ-on-Chips for Intranasal Drug Delivery Studies.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Localized delivery of nanomedicine and antibodies for combating COVID-19.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2023Review
- In vitro evaluation for estrogenic mechanisms of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride as an emerging contaminant.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2023Article
- Assessment of residual chlorine in soil microbial community using metagenomics.Soil ecology letters · 2023Article
- Sodium dichloroisocyanurate: improving broiler health by reducing harmful microbial levels in the waterline.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- GS-2: A Novel Broad-Spectrum Agent for Environmental Microbial Control.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Intranasal drug delivery: opportunities and toxicologic challenges during drug development.Drug delivery and translational research · 2022Review
- Quaternary ammonium compounds in hypersensitivity reactions.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Sanitizer-associated systemic side effects in the era of COVID-19: a pharmacovigilance study.Beni-Suef University journal of basic and applied sciences · 2022Article
- Reduced Susceptibility to Biocides among Enterococci from Clinical and Non-Clinical Sources.Infection & chemotherapy · 2021Article
- Detection of intracellular lamellar bodies as a screening marker for fibrotic lesions.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough biocides at low concentrations have been used to control pests, they can be more harmful than industrial chemicals as humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC or BKC) is a non-toxic substance used to control pests. Recently, BAC has been increasingly used as a component in humidifier disinfectants in Korea, raising a serious health concern. Moreover, it poses significant health hazards to workers handling the chemical because of direct exposure. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the respiratory toxicity of BAC due to its inhalation at exposure concentrations of 0.8 (T1 group), 4 (T2 group) and 20 (T3 group) mg/m
resultsIn our previous study on the acute inhalational toxicity of BAC, bleeding from the nasal cavity was observed in all the rats after exposure to 50 mg/m
conclusionsAs a result, it was confirmed that the target organs in the respiratory system were the nasal cavity and the lungs. The adverse effects were evaluated as reversible responses to oxidative damage. Furthermore, the no observed adverse effect level was found to be less than 0.8 mg/m
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.