Local adaptation of mycorrhizae communities changes plant community composition and increases aboveground productivity.

Soil microbial communities can have an important role in the adaptation of plants to their local abiotic soil conditions and in mediating plant responses to environmental stress. This has been clearly demonstrated for individual plant species, but it is unknown how locally adapted microbes may affect plant communities. It is possible that the adaptation of microbial communities to local conditions can shape plant community composition. Additionally, it is possible that the effects of locally adapted microorganisms on individual plant species could be altered by co-occurring plant species. We tested these possibilities in plant community mesocosms with soils and mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from three locations. We found that plant community biomass responded positively to local adaptation of AMF to soil conditions. Plant community composition also changed in response to local adaptation of AMF. Unexpectedly, the strongest benefits of locally adapted AMF went to early successional plant species that have the highest relative growth rates and the lowest responsiveness to the presence of AMF. Late successional plants that responded positively overall to the presence of AMF were often suppressed in communities with local AMF, perhaps because of strong competition from fast growing plant species. These results show that local adaptation of soil microbial communities can shape plant community composition, and the benefits that plants derive from locally adapted microorganisms can be reshaped by the competitive context in which these associations occur.