ReviewMucosal immunology2020
Imprinting of the immune system by the microbiota early in life.
Review in Mucosal immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07195006 (Early Life Diarrhoea Episode), which is not on this map. Cited by 169 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Early Life Diarrhoea Episode(s), Malnutrition, Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Microbiome Trajectories From Birth Until 3 Years of Life ; The University of Zimbabwe Birth Cohort Study-2 (UZBCS-2)
Who cites it
169 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Functional contribution of the intestinal microbiome in autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Rett syndrome: a systematic review of pediatric and adult studies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- An Extensively Hydrolyzed Formula Supplemented with Two Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modifies the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome in Infants with Cow's Milk Protein Allergy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Trial
- Maternal obesity alters human milk oligosaccharides content and correlates with early acquisition of late colonizers in the neonatal gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Natural microbiota confer life-long protection against obesity via an early-life, immune-mediated effect on brown adipocytes.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Microbial epigenetic regulation as a multilevel regulatory interface in host-microbe interactions.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota translocation and dissemination in health: can it be beneficial and purposeful?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota alterations in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit extremely preterm infants: a Chinese tertiary center study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Early-life immune imprinting by a B. infantis-HMO synbiotic shapes infant immune signatures and protects against experimental respiratory disease.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- A temporal differentiation program after birth delineates γδ T cell immunity.Science advances · 2026Article
- Effects of Timing of Microbial Exposure on Microbiome Assembly and Amphibian Immune Development.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- Gut-brain-immune interactions in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Review
- Antibiotic Class-Specific Effects on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Microbiome Disruption, Risk, and Recovery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Early growth restriction disrupts mice intestinal clock and homeostasis without being prevented by lactoferrin.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- The Inflammatory Response in the Murine Ovalbumin-Induced Skin Inflammation Model Is Robust Despite Major Gut Microbiota Differences.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Plant-based enteral nutrition outperforms ultra-processed formulas in mitigating consequences of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Early-life Wnt4 expressing colon stromal cells orchestrate lifelong mucosal homeostasis via BMP-driven iNKT cell imprinting.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Accelerating discovery of cancer causes for prevention in the era of rising early-onset cancers.Cell · 2026Review
- Long-term inhibition of protease hypersensitivity by initial immunological cross-regulation and epigenetic memory in lung stromal cells.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Histomorphological analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa and host immunity strength.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
109 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ontogeny and maturation of the immune system is modulated by the microbiota. During fetal life, the mother's microbiota produces compounds that are transferred to the fetus and offspring, and enhance the generation of innate immune cells. After birth, the colonizing microbiota induces the development of intestinal lymphoid tissues and maturation of myeloid and lymphoid cells, and imprints the immune system with a reactivity level that persists long after weaning into adulthood. When the cross-talk between host and microbiota is perturbed early in life, a pathological imprinting may develop that is characterized by excessive immune reactivity in adulthood, which translates into increased susceptibility to inflammatory pathologies. In this review, we discuss the recent data that demonstrate the existence of a time window of opportunity early in life during which mice and human have to be exposed to microbiota in order to develop a balanced immune system. We also discuss the factors involved in imprinting, such as the microbiota, immune cells and stromal cells, as well as the nature of imprinting.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31988466What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.