ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2021
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: New Insights and Challenges.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The effect of influenza vaccine in reducing the severity of clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- A phase 1 study in healthy volunteers to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of VIR-2482: a monoclonal antibody for the prevention of severe influenza A illness.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Trial
- Immune Consequences of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Treatment: A Cytokine Perspective.Immunology · 2026Article
- Validity of influenza vaccine effectiveness calculations using a test-negative design in Thailand.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine against dominant A(H1N1)pdm09 in adults ≥ 60 years: a multicenter test-negative design in Zhejiang, China, 2024-2025.BMC geriatrics · 2026Observational
- Intraseasonal waning of influenza vaccine effectiveness and implications for the optimal timing of seasonal vaccination programs: A scoping review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- A Human Mobility-Based Modeling Study of Influenza Vaccination Strategies Across Socioeconomically Disparate Regions in China.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Screening of Low-Tumorigenic MDCK Cells for Potential Influenza Vaccine Substrates and Transcriptomic Analyses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine in Wuhan, China During the 2024-2025 Season: A Test-Negative Case-Control Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Dual roles for influenza A protein PA-X: limiting inflammatory response and disrupting MHC I antigen presentation in human respiratory epithelium.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines: an overview of immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunodominant antibodies against hemagglutinin in ferrets following infection with 2018 to 2019 influenza vaccine strains.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines and Duration of Protection Against Hospitalisation in England: 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 Seasons.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Effects of repeated influenza vaccination and infection on durable seroprotection in healthcare workers.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Trained ILCs confer adaptive immunity-independent protection against influenza.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Methods for assessing influenza vaccine efficacy and effectiveness have evolved over six decades. Randomized trials remain the gold standard for licensure, but observational studies are needed for annual assessment of vaccine effectiveness (VE). The test-negative design (TND) has become the de facto standard for these field studies. Patients who seek medical care with acute respiratory illness are tested for influenza, and VE is estimated from the odds of vaccination among influenza cases versus test-negative controls. VE varies across seasons, populations, age groups, and products, but VE estimates are consistently higher for A(H1N1)pdm09 and type B compared with A(H3N2). VE studies are increasingly used in combination with molecular epidemiology to understand the viral and immune system factors that drive clinical efficacy and effectiveness. The emerging field of immunoepidemiology offers the potential to understand complex host-virus interactions that affect vaccine protection, and this knowledge will contribute to universal vaccine development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.