ArticleInternational journal of pharmaceutics2020
Effect of an upstream grid on the fluidization of pharmaceutical carrier powders.
Article in International journal of pharmaceutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Using Lung Regional Deposition Modeling as Model-Integrated Evidence for Locally Acting Orally Inhaled Drug Products.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Review
- Quantifying Agglomerate-to-Wall Impaction in Dry Powder Inhalers.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Article
- Effect of inflow conditioning for dry powder inhalers.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Flow and Particle Modelling of Dry Powder Inhalers: Methodologies, Recent Development and Emerging Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Local dynamics of pharmaceutical powder fluidization using high speed long distance microscopy and particle image velocimetry.Experimental thermal and fluid science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The influence of grid generated mixing on the fluidization of pharmaceutical carrier powders is studied in a channel-flow experiment using direct high-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Four different lactose powders with mass median diameters that range between 61 µm and 121 µm are used. The degree of powder mixing in the flow as a function of grid position relative to the powder bed and grid area blockage ratios (ranging from ~25% to ~40%) is studied for a range of flow-rates. The study presents comprehensive mappings of how pharmaceutical powders are fluidised under the influence of mixing, by examining powder bed morphology, powder emptying rate, and the local flow-field surrounding the pocket. The use of a grid results in higher evacuation percentages (void fraction) and a faster evacuation rate but is associated with randomized evacuation behaviour as observed from the powder bed morphology. Use of a grid can enable evacuation of powder at lower overall flow-rates, which may have important implications on respiratory drug delivery. PIV results show the trend of mean velocities with the mass median powder diameter and demonstrates how a grid with lower blockage ratio can increase the degree of mixing of the evacuating powder and make the evacuation process more rapid. This study contributes towards a better understanding of fluidization processes as relevant to dry powder inhaler devices and sheds light on how simple design alterations, such as adding an upstream grid, can be incorporated to optimise device effectiveness.
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Registered trials
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