ReviewBrain and behavior2020
Different FDG-PET metabolic patterns of anti-AMPAR and anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Case report and literature review.
Review in Brain and behavior, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- [18F]FDG brain PET and clinical symptoms in different autoantibodies of autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Pooled it
- Neurovascular Uncoupling in Schizophrenia: A Bimodal Meta-Analysis of Brain Perfusion and Glucose Metabolism.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Serial Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in AMPAR Encephalitis Presenting with Left Hemiplegia and Nonfluent Aphasia.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Clinical utility of Arterial Spin Labeling perfusion images in pediatric neurological emergencies.La Radiologia medica · 2026Review
- Global hotspots and trends in AMPA receptor research (2000-2025): a bibliometric and visualization analysis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Research progress on the association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and autoimmune encephalitis: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Distributions and network changes of brain activity in the acute phase of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a MEG study.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor encephalitis presenting as catatonia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Synapse vulnerability and resilience across the clinical spectrum of dementias.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- Functional connectivity changes of the hippocampal subregions in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Brain imaging and behavior · 2024Article
- Quantitative brainAnnals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid antibody titers and sex to acute cerebral blood flow in patients with anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis followed by hemophagocytic lymph histiocytosis: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor encephalitis developed after ovarian cancer cytoreduction surgery: a case report and literature review.BMC women's health · 2023Review
- Autoimmune Encephalitis with Antibodies: Anti-NMDAR, Anti-AMPAR, Anti-GQ1b, Anti-DPPX, Anti-CASPR2, Anti-LGI1, Anti-RI, Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-CV2 and Anti-GABAAR, in the Course of Psychoses, Neoplastic Diseases, and Paraneoplastic Syndromes.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Hypometabolism of the left middle/medial frontal lobe on FDG-PET in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: Comparison with MRI and EEG findings.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Article
- Brain Metabolic Alterations in Seropositive Autoimmune Encephalitis: AnBiomedicines · 2023Article
- Epilepsy, Immunity and Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Emerging Materials, Wearables, and Diagnostic Advancements in Therapeutic Treatment of Brain Diseases.Biosensors · 2022Review
- Psychiatric Illness or Immune Dysfunction-Brain Perfusion Imaging Providing the Answer in a Case of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introduction
methodsThe cerebral glucose metabolism was evaluated by FDG-PET/CT during acute-to-subacute stage of autoimmune encephalitis and after treatment. The stereo and quantitative analysis of cerebral metabolism used standardized z-score and visualized on three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection. To map NMDAR and AMPAR in human brain, we adopted genetic atlases from the Allen Institute and protein atlases from Zilles's receptor densities.
resultsThe three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection displayed frontal-dominant hypometabolism in a 66-year-old female patient with anti-AMPAR encephalitis and occipital-dominant hypometabolism in a 29-year-old female patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Receptor density maps revealed opposite frontal-occipital gradients of AMPAR and NMDAR, which reflect reduced metabolism in the correspondent encephalitis. FDG-PET hypometabolic areas possibly represent receptor hypofunction with spatial correspondence to receptor distributions of the autoimmune encephalitis. The reversibility of hypometabolism was in line with patients' cognitive improvement. The literature review summarized six features of metabolic anomalies of autoimmune encephalitis: (a) temporal hypermetabolism, (b) frontal hypermetabolism and (c) occipital hypometabolism in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, (d) hypometabolism in association cortices, (e) sparing of unimodal primary motor cortex, and (e) reversibility in recovery.
conclusionsThe distinct cerebral hypometabolic patterns of autoimmune encephalitis were representative for receptor hypofunction and topographical distribution of antigenic receptors. The reversibility of hypometabolism marked the clinical recovery of autoimmune encephalitis and made FDG-PET of brain a valuable diagnostic tool.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.