Effect of eleutheroside B1 on non‑coding RNAs and protein profiles of influenza A virus‑infected A549 cells.

Influenza viruses often pose a serious threat to animals and human health. In an attempt to explore the potential of herbal medicine as a treatment for influenza virus infection, eleutheroside B1, a coumarin compound extracted from herba sarcandrae, was identified, which exhibited antiviral and anti‑inflammatory activities against influenza A virus. In this study, high‑throughput RNA sequencing and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) assays were performed to determine alterations in the non‑coding RNA (ncRNA) transcriptome and proteomics. Bioinformatics and target prediction analyses were used to decipher the potential roles of altered ncRNAs in the function of eleutheroside B1. Furthermore, long ncRNA (lncRNA) and mRNA co‑expressing networks were constructed to analyze the biological functions by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed that 5 differentially expressed ncRNAs were upregulated and 3 ncRNAs were downregulated in the A549 cells infected with A/PR8/34/H1N1, with or without eleutheroside B1 treatment (PR8+eleu and PR8, respectively). Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) was differentially expressed between the PR8 and A549 cell groups. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that eleutheroside B1 took advantage of the host cell biological processes and molecular function for its antiviral and anti‑inflammatory activities, as well as for regulating cytokine‑cytokine receptor interaction in the immune system, consistent with previous findings. The results of the iTRAQ assays indicated that L antigen family member 3 (LAGE3) protein, essential for tRNA processing, tRNA metabolic processes and ncRNA processing, was downregulated in the PR8+eleu compared with the PR8 group. In the present study, these comprehensive, large‑scale data analysis enhanced the understanding of multiple aspects of the transcriptome and proteomics that are involved in the antiviral and anti‑inflammatory activities of eleutheroside B1. These findings demonstrate the potential of eleutheroside B1 for use in the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus‑mediated infections.