ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Uncertainty in learning, choice, and visual fixation.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing feedback learning and arousal responses in Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Competing value signals impair reward-learning via dopaminergic mechanisms and increase exploration.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Attention modulates value normalization in human reinforcement learning by shaping reward encoding.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A reinforcement learning and sequential sampling model constrained by gaze data.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Decision-Making in Repeated Games: Insights from Active Inference.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The strength of confidence is involved in controlling the intensity of attentional allocation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Affect-congruent attention modulates generalized reward expectations.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Anxiety as a disorder of uncertainty: implications for understanding maladaptive anxiety, anxious avoidance, and exposure therapy.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2023Article
- Time pressure changes how people explore and respond to uncertainty.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Emergence of perceptuomotor relationships during paleolithic stone toolmaking learning: intersections of observation and practice.Communications biology · 2021Article
- Fixation patterns in simple choice reflect optimal information sampling.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Human subjects exploit a cognitive map for credit assignment.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Uncertainty in learning, choice, and visual fixation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Uncertainty plays a critical role in reinforcement learning and decision making. However, exactly how it influences behavior remains unclear. Multiarmed-bandit tasks offer an ideal test bed, since computational tools such as approximate Kalman filters can closely characterize the interplay between trial-by-trial values, uncertainty, learning, and choice. To gain additional insight into learning and choice processes, we obtained data from subjects' overt allocation of gaze. The estimated value and estimation uncertainty of options influenced what subjects looked at before choosing; these same quantities also influenced choice, as additionally did fixation itself. A momentary measure of uncertainty in the form of absolute prediction errors determined how long participants looked at the obtained outcomes. These findings affirm the importance of uncertainty in multiple facets of behavior and help delineate its effects on decision making.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.