ArticleBMJ open2020
Modelling the annual NHS costs and outcomes attributable to healthcare-associated infections in England.
Article in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rehabilitation in the Intensive Care Unit for Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Neurocritical care · 2026Pooled it
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- Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance of endemic healthcare-associated infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Hand hygiene practices for prevention of health care-associated infections associated with admitted infectious patients in the emergency department: a systematic review.Irish journal of medical science · 2023Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of the ReDIRECT/counterweight-plus weight management programme to alleviate symptoms of long COVID.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Novel surveillance design exploiting network analysis for efficient, rapid detection of emerging Clostridioides difficile strains.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Communication strategies amongst healthcare professionals, patients and caregivers in Hospital-at-Home Admission Avoidance models for acutely ill older adults: a scoping review.European geriatric medicine · 2026Review
- GIRFT guidance reduces cauda equina syndrome (CES) related admissions without negatively impacting diagnosis.The neuroradiology journal · 2026Article
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- What factors influence the length of stay and readmission after deep brain stimulation surgery? a tertiary centre study.Acta neurochirurgica · 2026Article
- Value-Based Outsourcing Is Associated with Improved Healthcare Outcomes in Low- and Intermediate-Complexity European Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study from Spain.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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- Severe necrotizing soft tissue infections (SENSEI) study: Protocol for a multi-centered audit.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Non-selective enhanced recovery pathway in primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a propensity score matched analysis on safety and efficacy.Arthroplasty (London, England) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a local anaesthetic biopsy service for suspected cancers at a tertiary head and neck unit: relevance to post-COVID-19 recovery of surgical services.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England · 2026Article
- The economic burden of Hospital-Acquired Infections on cancer patients under China's pioneering Diagnosis-Intervention Packet payment model: a retrospective study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The status of infection prevention and control structures in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Northwest China: findings from WHO Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF).Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Article
- Environmental and financial cost of surgical-site infection by severity after lower limb vascular surgery.BJS open · 2025Observational
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo estimate the annual health economic impact of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) to the National Health Service (NHS) in England.
designA modelling study based on a combination of published data and clinical practice.
settingNHS hospitals in England. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual number of HCAIs, additional NHS cost, number of occupied hospital bed days and number of days front-line healthcare professionals (HCPs) are absent from work.
resultsIn 2016/2017, there were an estimated 653 000 HCAIs among the 13.8 million adult inpatients in NHS general and teaching hospitals in England, of which 22 800 patients died as a result of their infection. Additionally, there were an estimated 13 900 HCAIs among 810 000 front-line HCPs in the year. These infections were estimated to account for a total of 5.6 million occupied hospital bed days and 62 500 days of absenteeism among front-line HCPs. In 2016/2017, HCAIs were estimated to have cost the NHS an estimated £2.1 billion, of which 99.8% was attributable to patient management and 0.2% was the additional cost of replacing absent front-line HCPs with bank or agency staff for a period of time. When the framework of the model was expanded to include all NHS hospitals in England (by adding specialist hospitals), there were an estimated 834 000 HCAIs in 2016/2017 costing the NHS £2.7 billion, and accounting for 28 500 patient deaths, 7.1 million occupied hospital bed days (equivalent to 21% of the annual number of all bed days across all NHS hospitals in England) and 79 700 days of absenteeism among front-line HCPs.
conclusionThis study should provide updated estimates with which to inform policy and budgetary decisions pertaining to preventing and managing these infections. Clinical and economic benefits could accrue from an increased awareness of the impact that HCAIs impose on patients, the NHS and society as a whole.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.