Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31973766›Full record

ArticleGenome biology2020

Co-opted transposons help perpetuate conserved higher-order chromosomal structures.

Mayank Nk Choudhary, Ryan Z Friedman, Julia T Wang, Hyo Sik Jang, Xiaoyu Zhuo, Ting Wang

Erratum issuedOpen access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Genome biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 72 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
72citing papers in PubMed
16.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

72 citing papers in PubMed, 97 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Machine learning reveals sequence and genomic context features underlyingbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Evolution of CTCF binding sites in the human genome.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Convergence and Parallelism of Phenotypic and Molecular Genetic Variability in Some Species.Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections · 2026
    Article
  10. Polymorphic 3D genome architecture mediated by transposable elements.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. PervasivebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Mayank Nk ChoudharyThe Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
Ryan Z FriedmanThe Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
Julia T WangThe Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
Hyo Sik JangThe Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
Xiaoyu ZhuoThe Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
Ting WangThe Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. twang@genetics.wustl.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6800-242X
Washington University in St. Louis · US

Funding

Washington University Center for Cellular ImagingP30CA091842 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI TIMOTHY J. EBERLEIN · 2001 to 2026
$128.0M
The WashU-UCSC-EBI Human Genome Reference Center."U41HG010972 · NHGRI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Ira M Hall, Heng Li · 2019 to 2026
$24.9M
TRAINING PROGRAM IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGYT32GM007067 · NIGMS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI TRUE-KROB, HEATHER L · 1985 to 2020
$20.4M
THE WASHU TARGET ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMICS DATA COORDINATION CENTERU24ES026699 · NIEHS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI WANG, TING · 2016 to 2021
$5.2M
RESEARCH EDUCATION PROGRAM ON COMPUTATIONAL AND STATISTICAL TOOL DEVELOPMENT FOR ADDICTION GENETICSR25DA027995 · NIDA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI MADDEN, PAMELA ANN, RICE, JOHN P. · 2009 to 2019
$4.3M
DECODING THE IMPACT OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS ON GENE REGULATIONR01HG007175 · NHGRI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI WANG, TING · 2014 to 2021
$2.7M
Connecting transposable elements and regulatory innovation using ENCODE dataU01HG009391 · NHGRI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI COHEN, BARAK A, FESCHOTTE, CEDRIC · 2017 to 2021
$2.4M
The WashU 4DN Network Data Coordination and Integration CenterU01CA200060 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI WANG, TING · 2015 to 2019
$1.9M
ADVANCED EPI/GENOME BROWSER WITH ENHANCED VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS TOOLSR01HG007354 · NHGRI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI WANG, TING · 2013 to 2016
$1.5M
CHARTING THE EPIGENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF HUMAN TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTSR01ES024992 · NIEHS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI WANG, TING · 2014 to 2015
$342k
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA091842NCI NIH HHS U01 CA200060NHGRI NIH HHS 5R01HG007354NHGRI NIH HHS R01 HG007175NHGRI NIH HHS R01 HG007354NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG009391NHGRI NIH HHS U41 HG010972NIDA NIH HHS R25 DA027995NIEHS NIH HHS 5R01ES024992NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES024992NIEHS NIH HHS U24 ES026699NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007067
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTransposable elements (TEs) make up half of mammalian genomes and shape genome regulation by harboring binding sites for regulatory factors. These include binding sites for architectural proteins, such as CTCF, RAD21, and SMC3, that are involved in tethering chromatin loops and marking domain boundaries. The 3D organization of the mammalian genome is intimately linked to its function and is remarkably conserved. However, the mechanisms by which these structural intricacies emerge and evolve have not been thoroughly probed.

resultsHere, we show that TEs contribute extensively to both the formation of species-specific loops in humans and mice through deposition of novel anchoring motifs, as well as to the maintenance of conserved loops across both species through CTCF binding site turnover. The latter function demonstrates the ability of TEs to contribute to genome plasticity and reinforce conserved genome architecture as redundant loop anchors. Deleting such candidate TEs in human cells leads to the collapse of conserved loop and domain structures. These TEs are also marked by reduced DNA methylation and bear mutational signatures of hypomethylation through evolutionary time.

conclusionsTEs have long been considered a source of genetic innovation. By examining their contribution to genome topology, we show that TEs can contribute to regulatory plasticity by inducing redundancy and potentiating genetic drift locally while conserving genome architecture globally, revealing a paradigm for defining regulatory conservation in the noncoding genome beyond classic sequence-level conservation.

Indexed as

Interspersed Repetitive SequencesAnimalsBinding SitesCCCTC-Binding FactorCell LineChromatinChromosomes, MammalianHumansMiceCCCTC-Binding FactorChromatin3D genomeBinding site turnoverConservationEvolutionLoopsTransposable elements

Identifiers

PMID31973766
PMCPMC6979391
OpenAlexW3009818641

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.