ArticleJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2020
High Psychopathology Subgroup in Young Children With Autism: Associations With Biological Sex and Amygdala Volume.
Article in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Presymptomatic Biological, Structural, and Functional Diagnostic Biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Sex/gender differences in the human autistic brains: A systematic review of 20 years of neuroimaging research.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2021Pooled it
- Brain-based sex differences in autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan: A systematic review of structural MRI, fMRI, and DTI findings.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2021Pooled it
- From heterogeneity to translation: data‑driven subtyping of autism in a multilevel framework.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Alterations in Amygdala and Hippocampal Volumes in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Meta-analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Subgrouping autism and ADHD based on structural MRI population modelling centiles.Molecular autism · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Structured Oral Language Therapy on Expressive Language in Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
- Dysregulation Profile in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Italian Multi-Center Perspective.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Sex differences in trajectories of cortical development in autistic children from 2-13 years of age.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Heterogeneity and convergence across seven neuroimaging modalities: a review of the autism spectrum disorder literature.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Brain-charting autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals distinct and overlapping neurobiology.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Sex-Related Changes in the Clinical, Genetic, Electrophysiological, Connectivity, and Molecular Presentations of ASD: A Comparison between Human and Animal Models of ASD with Reference to Our Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Examining Associations Between Amygdala Volumes and Anxiety Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2022Article
- Altered Development of Amygdala-Connected Brain Regions in Males and Females with Autism.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Association of Amygdala Development With Different Forms of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biological psychiatry · 2022Article
- Article
- Unified framework for early stage status prediction of autism based on infant structural magnetic resonance imaging.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2021Article
- Can Autism Be Diagnosed with Artificial Intelligence? A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Differences in Degree and Form.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe aims of this study were to identify a subset of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring symptoms of psychopathology, and to evaluate associations between this subgroup and biological sex and amygdala volume.
methodParticipants included 420 children (ASD: 91 girls, 209 boys; typically developing controls: 57 girls, 63 boys). Latent profile analysis was used to identify ASD subgroups based on symptoms of psychopathology, adaptive functioning, cognitive development, and autism severity. Differences in the proportions of girls and boys across subgroups were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired (346 children); amygdala volumes were evaluated in relation to subgroups and problem behavior scores.
resultsThree ASD subgroups were identified. One group was characterized by high levels of psychopathology and moderate impairment on other measures (High Psychopathology Moderate Impairments [HPMI], comprising 27% of the sample). The other two subgroups had lower symptoms of psychopathology but were differentiated by high and low levels of impairment on other measures. A higher proportion of girls were classified into the HPMI subgroup (40% of girls versus 22% of boys). Relative to controls, amygdala volumes were enlarged only in the HPMI subgroup. There was a positive association between right amygdala volume and internalizing behaviors in girls but not in boys with ASD.
conclusionA higher proportion of girls with ASD faced greater challenges with psychopathology, suggesting a need for closer evaluation and potentially earlier intervention to help improve outcomes. Amygdala enlargement was associated with co-occurring symptoms of psychopathology, and sex-specific correlations with symptoms were observed.
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