ArticlePloS one2020
Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a peri-urban settlement in Kenya, 2016.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07506967 (Early Detection and Management of SKIN-related negleCted Tropical Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence in Sub-saharan afRica), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Early Detection and Management of SKIN-related negleCted Tropical Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence in Sub-saharan afRica (SkincAIr)
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The ecoepidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasites & vectors · 2026Pooled it
- Community Drivers ofTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Frontline Health Workers' Perspectives of the World Health Organization Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases App in Kenya: Qualitative Study on AI-Embedded mHealth Implementation.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Resurgence of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kajiado County, Kenya: A coordinated response and entomological survey.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence, clinical features and determinants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Residential environment, human behavior and socio-economic status in transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Biogenically Synthesized Nanoparticles as Emerging Therapeutics for Leishmaniasis: A Review of Recent Advances and Potential Promises.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Knowledge, attitude, practices and treatment-seeking behaviour concerning cutaneous leishmaniasis among rural hyperendemic communities in western Yemen.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Inter-individual and inter-regional variability of breast milk antibody reactivity to bacterial lipopolysaccharides.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The leishmaniases in Kenya: A scoping review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- The Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin-coated Gold Nanoparticle Against Leishmania Major Causative Agent of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL): An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.Current microbiology · 2023Article
- Discovery of the vector of visceral leishmaniasis,Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2023Article
- Characterizing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a conflict-affected region: a study from North Waziristan, Pakistan.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2023Observational
- A Community Based Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Concerning Leishmaniasis in Central Morocco.Journal of community health · 2022Article
- Determinants of cutaneous leishmaniasis among students in Delanta district, Northeast Ethiopia: A case-control study.Health science reports · 2022Article
- Genotypic and phylogenic analyses of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al Ahsa, Eastern Saudi Arabia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: First cases of Leishmania tropica with the predominance of Leishmania major.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Determinants of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis by case-control study in Morocco.PloS one · 2022Article
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreak Investigation in Hajjah Governorate, Yemen, in 2018: Case-Control Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected disease known to cause significant morbidity among the poor. We investigated a suspected outbreak to determine the magnitude of cases, characterize the cases and identify risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gilgil, a peri-urban settlement in Central Kenya.
methodsHospital records for the period 2010-2016 were reviewed and additional cases were identified through active case search. Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis was made based on presence of ulcerative, nodular or papular skin lesion. The study enrolled 58 cases matched by age and neighbourhood to 116 controls in a case control study. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and simple proportions, means and medians were computed, and logistic regression models were constructed for analysis of individual, indoor and outdoor risk factors.
resultsOf the 255 suspected cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis identified, females constituted 56% (142/255) and the median age was 7 years (IQR 7-21). Cases occurred in clusters and up to 43% of cases originated from Gitare (73/255) and Kambi-Turkana (36/255) villages. A continuous transmission pattern was depicted throughout the period under review. Individual risk factors included staying outside the residence in the evening after sunset (OR 4.1, CI 1.2-16.2) and visiting forests (OR 4.56, CI 2.04-10.22). Sharing residence with a case (OR 14.4, CI 3.8-79.3), residing in a thatched house (OR 7.9, CI 1.9-45.7) and cracked walls (OR 2.3, CI 1.0-4.9) were identified among indoor factors while sighting rock hyraxes near residence (OR 5.3, CI 2.2-12.7), residing near a forest (OR 7.8, CI 2.8-26.4) and having a close neighbour with cutaneous leishmaniasis (OR 6.8, CI 2.8-16.0) were identified among outdoor factors.
conclusionsWe identify a large burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gilgil with evidence of individual, indoor and outdoor factors of disease spread. The role of environmental factors and rodents in disease transmission should be investigated further.
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