ArticleParasitology2020
Direct onshore wind predicts daily swimmer's itch (avian schistosome) incidence at a Michigan beach.
Article in Parasitology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bird trematodes in the era of rapid environmental change.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
- Cercarial Dermatitis in Norway - An Emerging Zoonotic Disease.Acta parasitologica · 2025Article
- Large-scale spatial drivers of avian schistosomes in Northern Michigan inland lakes.Parasitology · 2024Article
- Article
- Scratching the Itch: Updated Perspectives on the Schistosomes Responsible for Swimmer's Itch around the World.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Simplifying Schistosome Surveillance: Using Molecular Cercariometry to Detect and Quantify Cercariae in Water.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Morphological, Behavioral, and Molecular Characterization of Avian Schistosomes (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) in the Native SnailPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Confirmation of the presence of zoonotic Trichobilharzia franki following a human cercarial dermatitis outbreak in recreational water in Slovakia.Parasitology research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Swimmer's itch (SI) is a painful rash caused by skin penetration by free-swimming infectious cercariae of avian schistosomes, snail-borne helminth parasites related to the causative agents of human schistosomiasis. The goal of this study was to determine if commonly collected environmental data could be used to predict daily fluctuations in SI incidence at an inland beach in northwestern Michigan. Lifeguards collected daily data over four summers, including the number of self-reported SI cases, total swimmers, water temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Mixed-effects binomial regression revealed that wind direction, wind speed and time of day were the best predictors of daily SI risk. Swimmers entering the water in the morning or on days with direct onshore wind perpendicular to the shoreline had the greatest SI risk. However, there was a negative effect of wind speed after accounting for direction, where SI risk was greatest on days with a gentle breeze originating directly offshore. These results suggest that at this beach, direct onshore winds generate a surface-water current that causes SI cercariae to aggregate in the shallow waters used by swimmers. Data are needed from additional sites to confirm whether the onshore wind is a generally important driver of SI incidence.
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Registered trials
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