ArticleScientific reports2020
The Role of Peripheral Opioid Receptors in Triggering Heroin-induced Brain Hypoxia.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute buprenorphine exposure depresses neonatal respiratory chemoreflexes in the presence or absence of naloxone.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The role of central versus peripheral opioid receptors in fentanyl-induced brain hypoxia.Journal of neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Hypoxic effects of heroin and fentanyl and their basic physiological mechanisms.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Review
- Oxygen fluctuations in the brain and periphery induced by intravenous fentanyl: effects of dose and drug experience.Journal of neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Combined treatment with naloxone and the alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole reversed brain hypoxia induced by a fentanyl-xylazine mixture in a rat model.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- The Role of Opioid Receptor Antagonists in Regulation of Blood Pressure and T-Cell Activation in Mice Selected for High Analgesia Induced by Swim Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Brain oxygen responses induced by opioids: focus on heroin, fentanyl, and their adulterants.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- The pattern of brain oxygen response induced by intravenous fentanyl limits the time window of therapeutic efficacy of naloxone.Neuropharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While it is known that opioid receptors (ORs) are densely expressed in both the brain and periphery, it is widely accepted that hypoxic effects of opioids result solely from their direct action in the CNS. To examine the role of peripheral ORs in triggering brain hypoxia, we used oxygen sensors in freely moving rats to examine how naloxone-HCl and naloxone-methiodide, the latter which is commonly believed to be peripherally restricted, affect brain oxygen responses induced by intravenous heroin at low, human-relevant doses. Similar to naloxone-HCl, naloxone-methiodide at a relatively low dose (2 mg/kg) fully blocked heroin-induced decreases in brain oxygen levels. As measured by mass spectrometry, naloxone-methiodide was found to be ~40-fold less permeable than naloxone-HCl across the blood-brain barrier, thus acting as a selective blocker of peripheral ORs. Despite this selectivity, a low but detectable amount of naloxone was found in brain tissue after naloxone-methiodide administration, potentially influencing our results. Therefore, we examined the effects of naloxone-methiodide at a very low dose (0.2 mg/kg; at which naloxone was undetectable in brain tissue) and found that this drug still powerfully attenuates heroin-induced brain oxygen responses. These data demonstrate the role of peripheral ORs in triggering heroin-induced respiratory depression and subsequent brain hypoxia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.